Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd v MUREKATETE

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA - RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2023/SC (Cyanzayire, P.J., Kalihangabo, Kazungu, J.) 12 Mata 2024]

Amategeko agenga imanza z’imbonezamubano – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka - Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizigenerwa gusa uwatakaje akazi burundu, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima.

Amategeko agenga imanza z’imbonezamubano - Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi – Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho -  Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wari usanzwe akora agenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe kuko ubwo bumuga bumugiraho ingaruka ku kazi nko kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.

Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ku wa 20/09/2019, ubwo moto yari ihetsweho Murekatete yagonganaga n’indi yari ifite ubwishingizi bwa RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd (Radiant) bikamuviramo ibikomere byamuteye ubumuga bungana na 43%. Murekatete yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze asaba indishyi zitandukanye, Urukiko rusanga ikirego cye gifite ishingiro rumugenera indishyi zirimo iz’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi.

Radiant yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru ivuga ko Murekatete Denyse atari kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko yakomeje gukora no guhembwa, akaba nta hungabana ry’ubukungu yagize. Urukiko rwanzuye ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Radiant bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe bijyanye n’uburyo indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga, indishyi z’ububabare ku mubiri n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zabazwe, rwemeza ko igomba guha Murekatete izo ndishyi rumaze gukosora uburyo zabazwemo. Radiant yasabye gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane hanyuma Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurusubiramo hasuzumwa ikibazo cyo kumenya niba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zishobora gutangwa igihe uwangirijwe yagize ubumuga buhoraho ariko agasubira mu kazi ke.

Radiant isobanura ko Murekatete atagombaga guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, kuko yakomeje gukora no guhembwa umushahara we, akaba ntacyo yatakaje. Ikomeza isobanura ko usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu aba agomba kuzihabwa kubera ingaruka impanuka yagize ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga yakoraga kuko aba atagishoboye gukomeza kuwukora, ko mu kuzigena hitabwa ku kureba niba uzisaba hari ibyo yatakaje, ko rero atari indishyi zitangwa gusa kuko habaye impanuka uwahohotewe akagira ikigero cy’ububabare runaka.

Murekatete we avuga ko nta ngingo z’amategeko ziteganya ko mu gihe umuntu yakomerekejwe n’impanuka ariko ntimuviremo urupfu, nyuma agasubira mu kazi aba akumiriwe ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Akomeza avuga ko nyuma yo kugira ubumuga hari akazi yakoraga mbere yasabye ko atakomeza kugakora kuko atakibasha kugenda n’amaguru nka mbere hakaba hari na bimwe yagenerwaga atakibona kuko atagikora imirimo imwe n’imwe, ibyo bikaba bishimangira ko akwiye guhabwa indishyi mbangamiraburambe mu kazi.

Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizigenerwa gusa uwatakaje akazi burundu, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima bityo ibyo Radiant ivuga nta shingiro bifite kuko Murekatete yagize ubumuga buhoraho.

2. Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wari usanzwe akora agenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe kuko ubwo bumuga bumugiraho ingaruka ku kazi nko kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.

Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro gifite.

Amategeko yashingiweho:

Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na Moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ingingo ya 5;

Itegeko N⁰ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, 111.

Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, ingingo ya 18, 19.

Imanza zifashishijwe:

RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC, Radiant Insurance Company Ltd na Mukaneza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05/04/2024.

Inyandiko z’abanhanga zifashishijwe:

Sous la directionde Luc Grynbaum: Assurances, acteurs, contrat, risques des consomateurs, risques des entreprises, editions L’Argus de l’assurance, 7e edition, 2020 -2021, P190 – 195;

Benoît MORNET, Conseiller à la Cour de cassation: L’indemnisation des préjudices en cas de blessures ou de décès. …………… P 41;

Yvonne Lambert-Faivre, Stephanie Prchy-Simon: Droit du dommage corporel, systèmes d’indemnisation, Editions Dalloz, 8ème éd, 2016, P25;

S. BAEYENS, L. FAGNART, C JAUMAN, Tableau Indicatif 2016, Union Royale des Juges de Paix et de Police, A.S.B.L., La Charte, 2017, P. 13-14;

Droit du dommage corporel, Système d`indemnisation, 3éd., Dalloz, 1996, PP. 182, 185, 193.

Yvonne Lambert-Faivre et Stephanie Prchy-Simon: Droit du dommage corporel, systèmes d’indemnisation, Editions Dalloz, 8e ed, 2016, p163 ss;

Joëlle Marteau-Péretié, Avocat en Droit Social. https://jmp-avocat-indemnisation.fr/le-prejudice- professionnel-perte-de-salaire-incidence professionnelle.html#:~:text=L'indemnisation%20s'effectuera%20sur,des%20revenus%20d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9s%2 0au%20fisc;

Urubanza

I.  IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1]               Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ku wa 20/09/2019, ubwo Moto TVS Victor GX 125 ifite plaque N^o RC 617 Q yagongaga Moto TVS Victor Gix ifite plaque no RC 086 B, yari ihetsweho Murekatete Denyse bikamuviramo ibikomere byamuteye ubumuga bungana na 43%.

[2]               Murekatete Denyse ashingiye ku kuba moto yateje impanuka yari ifite ubwishingizi muri RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd, yasabye iyo sosiyete ko yamugenera indishyi kugira ngo ikibazo gikemurwe mu bwumvikane, ariko ntibwagerwaho, bituma aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze arusaba ko rwamugenera 31.172.530 Frw y’indishyi zitandukanye ndetse n’andi mafaranga y’ibyakoreshejwe, ayo yabuze yari mu gikapu, ay’ikurikiranarubanza, ay’igihembo cya Avoka ndetse n’ay’ingwate y’amagarama.

[3]               RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd yireguye ivuga ko nta ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Murekatete Denyse akwiye kugenerwa kuko nyuma y’aho akoreye impanuka yakomeje gukora ndetse akomeza no guhembwa uko bisanzwe, agasanga ntacyo ubukungu bwe bwahungabanyeho. Avuga ko yagenerwa indishyi z’akababaro n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburanga zibariwe ku mushahara muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko ungana na 3.000 Frw.

[4]               Mu rubanza N^o RC 00087/2021/TGI/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 09/06/2022, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze rwasanze ikirego cya Murekatete Denyse gifite ishingiro, rutegeka RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd kwishyura Murekatete Denyse 15.643.390 Frw y’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, 3.710.868 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 1.484.347 Frw y’indishyi z’ibangamiraburanga, 1.855.434Frw y’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi; 52.433 Frw yakoreshejwe mu kwivuza, 10.800 yaguzwe dosiye, 9.600 Frw yaguzwe expertise, 3.00 Frw yaguzwe ibyangombwa n’amafoto, 100.000 Frw y’ingendo n’ikurikiranarubanza, 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 20.000 Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanze aregera Urukiko.

[5]               RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze ivuga ko Murekatete Denyse atari kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kuko nyuma y’aho akoreye impanuka yakomeje gukora akazi yari ashinzwe ndetse akomeza no guhabwa umushahara wose yahembwaga, agasanga rero nta hungabana ry’ubukungu ryamubayeho. Ku zindi ndishyi Murekatete Denyse yagenewe, RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ivuga ko zitari kubarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara umukozi yahembwaga, ahubwo ko zari kubarirwa ku mushahara muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko wa 3.000 Frw.

[6]               Murekatete Denyse yireguye avuga ko kuba RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd idahakana ko ubumuga yagize yabutewe n’ikinyabiziga yari yishingiye, ari ikimenyetso gishimangira ko yagombaga guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Yongeyeho ko ibivugwa na RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ko ntacyo impanuka yamuhungabanyijeho ku kazi yakoraga atari ukuri kuko mbere y’uko akora impanuka, akazi kenshi yagakoreraga hanze y’ibiro (kuri terrain), kandi ibyo bikaba bitagishoboka.

[7]               Murekatete Denyse yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi avuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zabazwe hashingiwe ku mushahara utari wo, bityo ko ukwiye gukosorwa, ukabarirwa ku mushahara mbumbe (salaire brut) aho kubarirwa ku mushahara yatahanaga (salaire net). Buri ruhande kandi rwasabye ko rwahabwa indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka.

[8]               Mu rubanza N^o RCA 00058/2022/HC/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 12/10/2022, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze rwasanze:

i.          Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zitangwa hatitawe ku kumenya niba uwasigiwe ubumuga n’impanuka yarakomeje cyangwa niba atarakomeje guhembwa, kuko iyo aba ari byo bigenderwaho byari kuba byarateganyijwe mu ngingo ya 18 y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga;

ii.         Imyandikire y’ingingo ya 18 y’iryo Teka yumvikanisha ko uhabwa indishyi agomba kuba agikora akazi ashinzwe kandi mu kuzigena hagashingirwa ku gihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga n’imyaka ye;

iii.        Kuba uwasigiwe ubumuga yarakomeje gukora bidakwiye kumubuza guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu;

iv.        Ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n'impanuka zitewe n'ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, idahura n’ikibazo kiri muri uru rubanza kuko iyo ngingo ikemura ikibazo kivuka iyo impanuka yateye umuntu ubumuga bumubuza gukora akazi burundu, ibyo rero bikaba bitandukanye n’ubumuga Murekatete Denyse yagize kuko we yagize ubumuga buhoraho, ariko butamubuza gukomeza gukora akazi burundu, bityo ko iyo ngingo atari yo yashingirwaho;

v.         Uburyo Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze rwabaze indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga n’indishyi z’ububabare ku mubiri bukwiye guhinduka, kuko zabazwe hashingiwe ku mushahara Murekatete Denyse yahembwaga kandi haragombaga gushingirwa ku mushahara w’umwaka muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga;

 vi.       Nta kosa Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze rwakoze mu kugena indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku gihembo umuntu atahana kuko ibyo bihuye n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Iteka rya Perezida N° 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ryavuzwe haruguru;

[9]               Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze rwanzuye ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ruvuga ko imikirize y’urubanza N^o RC 00087/2021/TGI/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze ku wa 09/06/2022 ihindutse kuri bimwe, rwemeza ko RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd igomba guha Murekatete Denyse indishyi zingana na 18.391.223 Frw[1], runemeza ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe n’uwajuriye iheze mu isanduku ya Leta.

[10]           Ku wa 11/11/2022, RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko bw’Ubujurire isaba ko urubanza N^o RCA 00058/2022/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze ku wa 12/10/2022, rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane. Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire amaze gusuzuma ubwo busabe, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo, maze mu cyemezo N^o 128/CJ/2023 cyo ku wa 26/09/2023, yemeza ko rwoherezwa mu Bwanditsi bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kugira ngo ruzongere ruburanishwe.

[11]           Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 11/03/2024 saa 11h30’, Urukiko ruhamagaje urubanza rusanga ababuranyi bitabye, RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Ndayisaba Fidèle naho Murekatete Denyse ahagarariwe na Me Rwabukamba Jean De Dieu, ababuranyi bajya impaka ku bibazo bikurikira:

a.         Kumenya niba Murekatete Denyse yari akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zishingiye ku bumuga buhoraho n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kandi yarakomeje gukora no guhembwa uko bisanzwe

b.         Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza

II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

II.1.     Kumenya niba Murekatete Denyse yari akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zishingiye ku bumuga buhoraho n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kandi yarakomeje gukora no guhembwa uko bisanzwe.

[12]           Me Ndayisaba Fidèle uhagarariye RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd avuga ko Murekatete Denyse yakomeje gukora akazi yari ashinzwe nk’uko bisanzwe kandi nawe ubwe abyemera, ibyo bikaba bishimangirwa n’inyandiko za Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB) zirimo état des relevés nominatifs des rémunerations par assuré na payslip ye, aho zigaragaza ko na nyuma y’impanuka yabaye ku wa 20/09/2019, yakomeje gukora no guhembwa uko bisanzwe haba mu gihe yatangiraga kurega kugeza n’ubu.

[13]           Asobanura ko usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu aba agomba kuzihabwa kubera ingaruka impanuka yagize ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga yakoraga kuko aba atagishoboye gukomeza kuwukora, ko mu kuzigena hitabwa ku kureba niba uzisaba hari ibyo yatakaje, ko rero atari indishyi zitangwa gusa kuko habaye impanuka uwahohotewe akagira ikigero cy’ububabare runaka. Avuga ko nk’uko umushingamategeko yabivuze mu ngingo ya 5 y’Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 rigenga imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka; indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zitangwa iyo impanuka yateye uwangirijwe ubumuga bumubuza gukora akazi burundu, maze agahabwa amafaranga y’indishyi kubera ubusembwa ku mubiri, guhungabana mu bwenge bwe cyangwa ingaruka bifite ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga we atagishoboye gukora kubera ubumuga.

[14]           Avuga ko ibijyanye n’itangwa ry’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu byagarutsweho n’abahanga batandukanye nk’aho Yvonne Lambert Faivre yavuze ko nyuma yo gukira, iyo uwangirijwe n’impanuka asubiye mu mirimo ye, ntatakaze ibyo yinjizaga biturutse ku murimo yakoraga, nta ndishyi ahabwa zirebana n’ibyo yari kuzinjiza biturutse ku murimo we. Avuga ko uwo muhanga asobanura ko ihame ry’itangwa ry’indishyi rishingira ku kwishyura ibyangiritse byose ariko atari ukwikungahaza, ko ibyo uwangirijwe yahombye n’inyungu yari kubona bigize indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigomba gutangwa mu mafaranga mu rwego rw’imyishyurire isanzwe mu by’umutungo, kandi amafaranga atangwa asimbura umutungo w’uwangirijwe n’impanuka hashingiwe kubyo yatakaje cyangwa atabonye bitewe n’impanuka.[2]

[15]           Akomeza avuga ko ibyo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze rwabirenzeho rutanga indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu rutitaye ku myiregurire rwashyikirijwe, rushingira ku ngingo ya 18 n’iya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga. Avuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ko iryo Teka ryaje gushyira mu bikorwa ibiteganywa mu Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 rigenga imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka. Asoza avuga ko basanga ari akarengane kagomba gukosorwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuko Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ari ryo ryagombaga gukurikizwa kuko riteganya abagomba guhabwa indishyi ndetse rikaba ari naryo riri hejuru y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ryavuzwe haruguru.

[16]           Ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, Me Ndayisaba Fidèle avuga ko nta zikwiye gutangwa kuko izi ndishyi zidahabwa umuntu wakomeje gukora akazi nk’uko bisanzwe; uwo akaba ari nawo murongo watanzwe mu rubanza PRIME INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd yaburanaga na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude[3], aho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeje abemerewe guhabwa bene izo ndishyi; agasanga rero Murekatete Denyse atari mu bagomba kuzihabwa kuko yakomeje gukora akazi ke nk’uko bisanzwe ndetse akomeza no guhembwa umushahara we wose. Me Ndayisaba Fidèle yanzura avuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zahawe Murekatete Denyse zigomba kuvanwaho kuko nta shingiro ryazo.

[17]           Me Rwabukamba Jean De Dieu uburanira Murekatete Denyse yireguye avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze rwari rufite ukuri rushingira ku Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, kuko ari ryo ryihariye (loi speciale) rigaragaza uburyo bwo kubara indishyi zigenerwa uwagize ububabare bw’umubiri, rikagaragaza ingano y’indishyi zihabwa uwagize ubumuga runaka, n’uburyo bukoreshwa (formule) habarwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu.

[18]           Avuga ko atemeranya n’imvugo z’Uhagarariye RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd z’uko hagombaga gukoreshwa Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 rigenga imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, kuko ari itegeko rusange (loi générale); bityo ko gukomeza kuvuga ko ari ryo Urukiko rwagombaga gushingiraho rufata icyemezo, bikaba byerekana ukudasobanukirwa ibijyanye n’isumbana ry’amategeko (Hierarchy of Laws).

[19]           Akomeza avuga ko nta ngingo z’amategeko ziteganya ko mu gihe umuntu yakomerekejwe n’impanuka ariko ntimuviremo urupfu, nyuma agasubira mu kazi; aba akumiriwe ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, bityo ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze nta kosa rwakoze rushingira ku ngingo ya 18 y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ryavuzwe haruguru. Yongeyeho ko iyo ngingo ari yo igaragaza ibishingirwaho mu gutanga indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu nk’uko byasesenguwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, harimo: igihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga yagize n’imyaka ye. Agaragaza ko kuba nta hantu na hamwe hateganyijwe ko mbere yo guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hagomba kubanza kurebwa niba uwatewe ubumuga n’impanuka yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje guhembwa, bisobanuye ko izo ndishyi zitangwa hatitawe ku kumenya niba uwasigiwe ubumuga yarakomeje guhembwa.

[20]           Avuga kandi ko kuba uhagarariye RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd agaragaza ingingo y’amategeko yishwe, ariko ntagaragaze uburyo buboneye yari gukoreshwa kugira ngo iyo sosiyete irenganurwe, bigaragaza ko ibyo isaba bidakwiye guhabwa ishingiro.

[21]           Yongeyeho ko kuba RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd igaragaza ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga ndetse n’izububabare (indishyi z’ingereka/ accessoires) zabarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ryavuzwe haruguru, ariko byagera ku ndishyi z’ibangamurabukungu (indishyi z’iremezo/principal) akavuga ko zabarwa hashingiwe ku Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru, bishimangira ko iyo sosiyete izi neza ko indishyi zose zibarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka ryagarutsweho.

[22]           Ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, Me Rwabukamba Jean De Dieu avuga ko Urukiko rukwiye kubona ko izo indishyi zigomba kugumaho kuko Murekatete Denyse atarakora impanuka, yakoreraga cyane hanze y’ibiro (kuri terrain) bijyanye n’akazi ko kugenza ibyaha asanzwe akora, ku buryo hari aho byamusabaga kugenda n’amaguru bitewe n’imiterere y’Akarere ka Gakenke gasanzwe kagizwe n’imisozi miremire. Asobanura ko kuba nyuma y’aho Murekatete Denyse akoreye impanuka yarasabye ko hari imirimo imwe n’imwe yakoraga yahagarara, byumvikana ko hari na bimwe mu byo yagenerwaga (avantages) atakibona mu kazi, kandi ko kubera amashuri n’uburambe yari amaze kugira mu kazi, uyu munsi aba atakiri ku mushahara ahembwa ubu; agasanga nta n’icyizere ko azageza ku myaka 65 yo kwemererwa kujya mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru (pension) agikora biturutse ku bumuga yatewe n’impanuka.

[23]           Avuga ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitari kubarirwa ku 3.000 Frw, ahubwo ko zagombaga kubarirwa ku 411.919 Frw y’umushahara yatahanaga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[24]           Ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ukumenya niba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zishobora gutangwa igihe uwangirijwe yagize ubumuga buhoraho ariko agasubira mu kazi ke. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ivuga ko hagombaga gukurikizwa Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ariko Umucamanza we akaba yarakoresheje Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, bigatuma agenera Murekatete Denyse indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi atagombaga guhabwa. Urukiko rurasesengura ibiteganywa n’aya mategeko yombi ndetse n’ibishingirwaho mu kugena ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi.

a.  Ibyerekeye indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu

[25]           Ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na Moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka igira iti: “iyo impanuka yateye ubumuga uwangirijwe bumubuza gukora akazi burundu, agomba guhabwa amafaranga y’indishyi kubera ubusembwa ku mubiri, guhungabana mu bwenge bwe cyangwa ingaruka bifite ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga we atagishoboye gukora kubera ubumuga. Indishyi zigenwa hakurikijwe iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika”. Mu rurimi rw’icyongereza, iyo ngingo igira iti: “when the injury has resulted in a permanent incapacity, the victim is entitled to an indemnity meant to compensate the physical and psychological reduction that he/she suffered and the unfavorable consequences of the incapacity on his/her professional earnings” ; naho mu rurimi rw’igifaransa ikagira iti: “lorsque le dommage a causé une incapacité permanente, la victime a droit à une indemnité destinée à compenser l’incapacité physique et psychique qu’elle a subie et les conséquences défavorables de l’incapacité sur les gains professionnels”.

[26]           Biragaragara ko iyi ngingo ifite ikibazo mu kuyihindura mu ndimi zitandukanye kuko ibivugwa mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda, by’umwihariko ahavuzwe “iyo impanuka yateye ubumuga uwangirijwe bumubuza gukora akazi burundu”, atari byo bivugwa mu zindi ndimi. Mu cyongereza bavuga “when the injury has resulted in a permanent incapacity”, naho mu gifaransa bakavuga “lorsque le dommage a causé une incapacité permanente”. Urukiko rusanga igikwiye kumvikana muri iyi ngingo ari uko uwahohotewe wishyurwa indishyi ari uwasigiwe n’impanuka ubumuga buhoraho bw’ikigero runaka, akazihabwa hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga afite, ibi bikaba bishingiye ku ihame ry’uburyo bwo kugena indishyi (le principe indemnitaire).

[27]           Mu gusobanura iryo hame, abahanga mu by’amategeko bavuga ko risobanuye ko indishyi zijyana n’ibyo umuntu yatakaje gusa, kandi ibyo byonyine, (tout le préjudice mais rien que le préjudice)[4]. Ibi bishingira ku bintu bibiri ari byo kuba umuntu agomba kwishyurwa mu buryo bwuzuye (réparation intégrale), kandi ko ahabwa indishyi zihwanye n’ibyo yatakaje (réparation du préjudice subi).

i.   Kwishyurwa mu buryo bwuzuye

[28]           Mu gihe umuntu yagize ubumuga, abahanga bagaragaza ko agomba kwishyurwa mu buryo bwuzuye (réparation intégrale) nk’uko byagarutsweho n’Umwanzuro wa Conseil de l’Europe wo ku wa 14/03/1975 uvuga ko uwahohotewe afite uburenganzira bwo kurihwa ibyangiritse ku buryo byenda kumera nk’uko byari bimeze atarangirizwa « la personne qui a subi un préjudice a droit à la réparation de celui-ci, en ce sens qu’elle doit être replacée dans unesituation aussi proche que possible de celle qui aurait été la sienne si le fait dommageable ne s’était pas produit »[5]. Ibi bigaragaza ko igihe impanuka yateye umuntu ubumuga ubwo ari bwo bwose, uwateje impanuka cyangwa umwishingizi we agomba kubimuhera indishyi zigamije gutuma “yenda kumera nk’uko yari ameze ataragira impanuka”.

ii. Guhabwa indishyi zihwanye n’ibyo umuntu yatakaje (réparation du préjudice subi)

[29]           Ibi bivuze ko mu kugena indishyi harebwa ingano y’ibyangijwe cyangwa ubumuga umuntu yagize, akaba ari byo bishingirwaho ku buryo ibyishyuwe bingana gusa n’ibyo uwahohotewe yatakaje. Ibi ni ko Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa rwabyemeje mu cyemezo cyarwo cyo ku wa 9/11/1976, aho rwongeyeho ko uko kurihwa kugomba kubaho ku buryo ntacyo uwangirijwe ahomba kandi nta nyungu y’umurengera abikuramo (« l’auteur d’un dommage est tenu à la réparation intégrale du préjudice, de telle sorte qu’il ne puisse y avoir pour la victime ni perte ni profit »)[6]. Abahanga bagaragaza kandi ko mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibi, amategeko y’abafaransa ahana ukwishingira ibirenze (la surassurance) no kugerekeranya ubwishingizi (cumul d’assurance)[7] cyangwa kwigwizaho indishyi (cumul des indemnisations)[8].

[30]           Birumvikana rero ko gushyira ku ijanisha ubumuga umuntu yatewe n’impanuka bigamije guha agaciro ingaruka impanuka yagize ku muntu no kugaragaza ikigero cyazo, kuko n’ubwo atatakaza ubushobozi bwe bwose, ubumuga buhoraho bwagaragajwe n’umuganga ubifitiye ububasha buba bufite icyo buhungabanya ku buzima umuntu yari asanzwe abaho. Ikigenderwaho rero si uko umuntu yasubiye ku kazi gusa cyangwa atagasubiyeho, ahubwo ni ibyo umubiri we watakaje n’ingaruka bimugiraho mu mibereho ye no mu bushobozi afite bwo kurangiza inshingano ze. Ni nako byagarutsweho n’Abahanga mu mategeko S. BAEYENS, J.-L. JAUMAN, M. VANDEWEERDT basobanura ko igihombo cyatewe n’ubumuga buhoraho uwahohotewe yagize, gishobora kuba gutakaza umusaruro yabonaga, cyangwa se gutakaza imbaraga n’ubushobozi yari afite bwo kurangiza neza inshingano ze mu kazi, ndetse no kuba amahirwe cyangwa agaciro yari afite ku isoko ry’umurimo bigabanuka[9].

[31]           Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rusanga:

a.         Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigamije kuriha ibyangijwe zidahabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima.

b.         Zigomba kuriha umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye (réparation intégrale) kandi zikajyana n’ibyo yangirijwe byonyine gusa, ku buryo ntacyo ahomba cyangwa ngo abikuremo inyungu y’umurengera (réparation du préjudice subi), ibyo bikagenwa hashingiwe ku rugero rw’ubumuga umuntu yagize rubariwe ku ijanisha. Ni ukuvuga ko ufite bumuga bwa 43% nk’ubwa Murekatete Denyse, adahabwa indishyi zingana n’iz’uwagize uburi hejuru ya 70% cyangwa ubutarengeje 30% cyangwa se ufite 0%, kuko bataba batakaje ubushobozi mu buryo bungana.

c.         Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga rishingira ku ngingo ya 5 y’Itegeko N^o 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na Moteri, kandi rikagena ingano y’ubumuga hakoreshejwe ijanisha ryabwo, kugira ngo hubahirizwe ibimaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki[10].

[32]           Ibimaze gusobanurwa biragaragaza ko ibivugwa na RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd by’uko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zitangwa kubera ingaruka impanuka yagize ku nyungu umuntu yavanaga ku mwuga yakoraga kuko aba atagishoboye gukomeza kuwukora, atari ko bimeze, kuko ubumuga buhoraho bwose bugomba gutangirwa indishyi zingana n’uko bungana.

[33]           Ku bijyanye na Murekatete Denyse, n’ubwo RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ivuga ko ntacyo yatakaje kuko yakomeje gukora akazi ke, ntihakana ko impanuka yamuteye ubumuga buhoraho bwa 43% nk’uko byemejwe na contre- expertise medicale de consolidation yo ku wa 27/05/2021 yashyizweho umukono n’abaganga babiri, akaba rero yaragombaga kugenerwa indishyi zingana n’ubwo bumuga yagize gusa.

b.  Ibyerekeye Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi

[34]           RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ishingiye ku byanditswe n’umuhanga YVONNE Lambert Faivre[11] ivuga ko iyo uwangirijwe n’impanuka asubiye mu mirimo ye, ntatakaze ibyo yinjizaga biturutse ku murimo yakoraga, nta ndishyi ahabwa zirebana n’ibyo yari kuzinjiza biturutse ku murimo we, bakabishingiraho bagaragaza ko Murekatete Denyse atari guhabwa indishyi.

[35]           Umuntu wagize ubumuga burenze 30% haba hari ubushobozi yatakaje ku buryo adakomeza gukora nk’uko yakoraga agifite ubushobozi bwe bwose 100%. Birumvikana ko ubushobozi umuntu yari afite mbere buba bwagabanutse (capacité réduite) ku buryo bimusaba gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi kurusha mbere, cyangwa bikamutera imvune atari afite mbere (pénibilité) mu gukora akazi yari asanganywe. Ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga rivuga ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe ku kazi zigenerwa ibyiciro bibiri: (i) umunyeshyuri wo mu mashuri yisumbuye, ay’imyuga, aya kaminuza cyangwa andi angana nayo umuntu ashobora kwizera (ii) no ku muntu wari usanzwe akora. Ntirisobanura ariko ku bijyanye n’ibyishyurwa ku muntu wari usanzwe akora, akaba ari yo mpamvu kugira ngo byumvikane neza ari ngombwa kwifashisha ibyo abahanga mu mategeko bavuga.

[36]           Ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi “préjudice de carrière” cyangwa “préjudice professionnel” risobanurwa n’umuhanga Joëlle Marteau-Péretié nk’ibura ry’ibyo umuntu yinjizaga biturutse ku murimo yakoraga mbere y’impanuka. Asobanura ko rigamije kandi kuriha indishyi zijyanye n’ingaruka z’impanuka uwahohotewe yagize zikamutera guhindura umwuga cyangwa gukora umurimo yari asanganywe mu buryo buvunanye (pénibilité), cyangwa se guhindura umurimo yakoraga[12]. Abandi nka Yvonne Lambert-Faivre et Stephanie Prchy-Simon bo bagaragaza ko iri bangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi riri mu byiciro bitatu ari byo (i) gutakaza ibyo yari kuzinjiza biturutse ku murimo we (perte de revenus professionnels futurs)[13] , (ii) ingaruka ku mwuga (incidence professionnelle), (iii) n’ingaruka ku mashuri (préjudice scolaire, universitaire ou de formation)[14] (iki cyiciro cya nyuma ntikiri buvugweho kuko Murekatete Denyse atakiri umunyeshuri).

[37]           Joëlle Marteau-Péretié asobanura ko indishyi zishingiye ku ngaruka ku mwuga “Incidence professionnelle” zigamije kuriha ingaruka z’impanuka umuntu yagize zishobora kumugabanyiriza agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo. Zinariha kandi imvune asigaye agira mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe cyangwa undi azakora mu gihe kizaza (pénibilité), kuba byarabaye ngombwa ko ahindura akazi cyangwa kuba yabura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera kubera impanuka yagize[15].

[38]           Hakurikijwe ibi abahanga basobanura, usanga indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ziri mu byiciro bibiri bikurikira kandi zigatangwa mu bihe bikurikira:

a.         Gutakaza amahirwe y’akazi ku munyeshyuri wo mu mashuri yisumbuye, ay’imyuga, aya kaminuza cyangwa andi angana na yo;

b.         Ingaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga ku muntu usanzwe uwufite (incidence professionnelle), harimo:

i.    kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo;

ii.   imvune (pénibilité) mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe;

iii.  kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.

[39]           Ku bijyanye na Murekatete Denyse, biragaragara ko yagize ubumuga buhoraho bwa 43% nk’uko bwemejwe n’abaganga kandi RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd ikaba itabihakana. Nta gushidikanya ko ubwo bumuga bufite ingaruka zituma atakomeza gukora akazi ke mu buryo bumworoheye nk’uko yagakoraga mbere atarakora impanuka, akaba yaragombaga kubiherwa indishyi. Ntabwo kandi hashingirwa ku murongo wari waratanzwe mu rubanza RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd igarukaho, N^o RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana PRIME INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, kuko uwo murongo wakuweho mu rubanza N^o RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC haburana Radiant Insurance Company Ltd na Mukaneza Clarisse rwaciwe ku wa 05/04/2024.

[40]           Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga Murekatete Denyse yaragombaga guhabwa n’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi nk’uko ziteganywa mu ngingo ya 18 n’iya 19 z’Iteka rya Perezida N^o 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga.

II.2.     Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza

[41]           Murekatete Denyse asaba Urukiko ko rwategeka RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd kumuha 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuko ari yo nyirabayazana w’uru rubanza.

[42]           Uhagarariye RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd avuga ko amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa na Murekatete Denyse asanga nta shingiro afite kuko kuba yaratanze iki kirego ari uburenganzira yemererwa n’amategeko kugira ngo amakosa ari mu rubanza akosorwe hatangwe ubutabera buboneye kandi bubasha gutanga umurongo ukwiye. Akomeza avuga ko ahubwo asanga sosiyete aburanira ariyo yashowe mu manza z’amaherere kuko Murekatete Denyse ari we wanze ko amategeko yubahirizwa uko ateye, bigatuma ishaka Avoka wo kuyihagararira mu nkiko zabanje kugera n’imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ikaba ibisabira 2.300.000 Frw akubiyemo ay’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikirarubanza.

UKO RUKIKO RUBIBONA

[43]           Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N⁰ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ari ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza.

[44]           Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd isaba itazihabwa kuko itsinzwe urubanza. Rurasanga ahubwo Murekatete Denyse ari we ukwiye kugenerwa amafaranga yishyuye Avoka kuri uru rwego, ariko kuko ayo asaba ari menshi kandi akaba atayatangira ibimenyetso, akaba agenewe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko 500.000 Frw.

III.         ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

[45]           Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza Nº RCA 00058/2022/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 12/10/2022, nta shingiro gifite;

[46]           Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza Nº RCA 00058/2022/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 12/10/2022;

[47]           Rutegetse RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd guha Murekatete Denyse amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka angana na 500.000 Frw.