Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

Re BYANSI (FOND)

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/2021/SC (Mukamulisa, P.J., Nyirinkwaya, Cyanzayire, Muhumuza,na Karimunda, J.) 20 Gicurasi 2022]

Itegeko Nshinga – Imbibi ku burenganzira n'ubwisanzure biteganywa n'Itegeko Nshinga – Imibereho bwite – freedom of expression – Ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru – Uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo –  Uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo  – Uburenganzirabwu bwo guhabwa amakuru  –  Ubudahangarwa bw'umunyamakuru – Itegeko Nshinga rishyira ku munzani uburemere bw’ingaruka zikomoka ku kutubahiriza imibereho bwite kubera gushaka kubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, n’izikomoka ku kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kubera gushaka kurengera imibereho bwite –  Ingaruka zo kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru nizo nke –   Umunyamakuru ntabwo yemerewe kwinjirira ubuzima bwite bw’abandi.

Itegeko Nshinga – Imbibi ku burenganzira n'ubwisanzure biteganywa n'Itegeko Nshinga – Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru ntabwo ari ndakumirwa –  Agaciro n’icyubahiro by’umuntu bibuza uwo ari we wese harimo n’umunyamakuru kugira icyo akora agambiriye gutesha agaciro cyangwa kwambura umuntu icyubahiro cye.–  Kuba umunyamakuru asabwa kugaragaza ko imvugo, ifoto cyangwa amashusho yatangaje bitandukanye n’umwimerere kandi agasabwa kubikora ku bw’ineza sibyo byafatwa nk’ibibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

Itegeko Nshinga – Imbibi ku burenganzira n'ubwisanzure biteganywa n'Itegeko Nshinga – Ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru –  Icengezamatwara rigamije kwangisha rubanda Leta y'u Rwanda, – Inkuru itari iy'ukuri igamije kwangisha Leta y'u Rwanda –  Amakuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara rigamije kwangisha Leta bisenya demokarasi  –  Amakuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara rigamije kwangisha Leta ntibyafatwa nk’ibigize ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwo bugamije kubaka igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi.

Itegeko Nshinga –  Inshingano z’abanyapolitiki zibahindura abantu ba rubanda (personage public/public figures), niyo mpamvu basabwa kwihangana no kwitwararika kurusha umuturage usanzwe – Umunyapolitiki nawe arengerwa n’amategeko mu gaciro ke, ariko ibyo ntibyakorwa mu buryo buburizamo ibiganiro bigamije inyungu rusange –  Irengayobora riteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ntirikwiye kwagurwa cyane ngo hagire abayobozi bahabwa umwihariko w’umurengera, utuma badakorwaho inkuru zibanenga bitewe gusa n’imyanya barimo cyangwa inshingano zabo hatitawe ku kamaro k’iyo nkuru.

Itegeko Nshinga –  Ubutabera buboneye  – Umuntu ntabwo akwiye kuryozwa icyaha atakoze kandi buri wese afite inshingano zo kugaragaza ikorwa ry’ibyaha cyane cyane ibyaha bikomeye n’iby’ubugome.– Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru ntibwarutishwa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye ku buryo umunyamakuru yakwemererwa kurebera abantu b’inzirakarengane bakurikiranweho ibyaha batakoze kugeza ubwo babihaniwe kandi afite ibimenyetso byatuma barenganurwa cyangwa ngo yemererwe kutagaragaza ikorwa ry’ibyaha yamenye.

Incamake y’ikibazo: Byansi Samuel Baker yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

Avuga ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, itari ikwiye gufata umunyamakuru nk’undi muntu uwo ariwe wese ngo imuhanire kumviriza cyangwa gutangaza amagambo abantu bavugiye mu muhezo, gufata cyangwa gusakaza ifoto, amajwi, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite nyirabyo atabitangiye uruhushya. Avuga ko kubihanirwa bituma umunyamakuru adakora inkuru zicukumbuye zizwi nka investigative journalism na undercover journalism nyamara ubwo buryo bw’itangazamakuru bushobora gufasha mu itahura ry’ibyahac yangwa indi mikorere ifutamye y’abantu bafite ubushobozi. Avuga kandi ko kuba umunyamakuru ashobora kubihanirwa binyuranyije n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

Avuga na none ko ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itari ikwiye guhana umunyamakuru wahinduye amagambo uko atavuzwe, amafoto cyangwa amashusho hanyuma ntavuge ko byahinduwe kuko umwuga w’itangazamakuru ushingiye ahanini ku buryo bwa editing. Avuga ko guhanirwa editing biburizamo inkuru zikozwe mu buryo bwa caricatures, bigatuma itangazamakuru rigarukira ku nkuru zishimishije gusa, nyamara inkuru zaciye igikuba, zifite abo zibangamiye cyangwa ziteye inkeke nazo zirengerwa n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

Ku bireba ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, avuga ko abanyamakuru ubwabo nta makuru bagira kuko bayakura mu bantu bashobora kubabwiza ukuri cyangwa kubabeshya. Avuga ko amagambo “umuntu wese” atangira iyo ngingo adaha umunyamakuru umwihariko akwiriye ahubwo amwitiranya n’undi uwo ariwe wese bikaba byatuma umunyamakuru azira gusa kuba uwakozweho inkuru atayishimiye. Avuga ko amagambo “icengezamatwara” nayo ari muri iyo ngingo atatangiwe ibisobanuro n’itegeko, bikaba bituma iryo jambo riba rigari cyane ku buryo inkiko zishobora kurisesengura mu buryo bugenekereje, nyamara mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi, umuntu atari akwiye guhanirwa icengezamatwara.

Ku bireba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, avuga ko nta mpamvu ihari yatuma abayobozi bayivugwamo badakorwaho inkuru mu bwisanzure. Kuri we, ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo bisubiza inyuma intambwe igihugu cyari kimaze gutera mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko yimakaza ivangura ikanabangamira ubwisanzure bwo gutara no gutangaza amakuru n’ubwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Avuga ko umunyamakuru atari akwiye gufungirwa gusebanya, ko aramutse yabikoze yakurikiranwa hashingiwe ku mategeko agenga umwuga we cyangwa amategeko mbonezamubano.

Ku bijyanye n’ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, avuga ko umunyamakuru afite inshingano zo kurinda abamuha amakuru n’ubwo bitabujije ko akorana n’izindi nzego. Asanga umunyamakuru atakagombye gushyirirwaho inshingano zo kuvuga aho yakuye inkuru kuko bishobora kubangamira uburenganzira bwe bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.

Incamake y’icyemezo: 1.  Itegeko Nshinga rishyira ku munzani uburemere bw’ingaruka zikomoka ku kutubahiriza imibereho bwite kubera gushaka kubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, n’izikomoka ku kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kubera gushaka kurengera imibereho bwite. Bigaragara ko ingaruka zo kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru arizo nke, bityo umunyamakuru akaba atemerewe kwinjirira ubuzima bwite bw’abandi kuko gusa atekereza ko yabonye inkuru.

2. Kuba umunyamakuru asabwa kugaragaza ko imvugo, ifoto cyangwa amashusho yatangaje bitandukanye n’umwimerere kandi agasabwa kubikora ku bw’ineza sibyo byafatwa nk’ibibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

3. Amakuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara rigamije kwangisha Leta bisenya demokarasi, ntibyafatwa rero nk’ibigize ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwo bugamije kubaka igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi.

4. Inshingano z’abanyapolitiki zibahindura abantu ba rubanda, niyo mpamvu basabwa kwihangana no kwitwararika kurusha umuturage usanzwe. Umunyapolitiki nawe arengerwa n’amategeko mu gaciro ke, ariko ibyo ntibyakorwa mu buryo buburizamo ibiganiro bigamije inyungu rusange. Ku bw’ibyo, irengayobora riteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ntirikwiye kwagurwa cyane ngo hagire abayobozi bahabwa umwihariko w’umurengera, utuma badakorwaho inkuru zibanenga bitewe gusa n’imyanya barimo cyangwa inshingano zabo hatitawe ku kamaro k’iyo nkuru.

5. Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru ntibwarutishwa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye ku buryo umunyamakuru yakwemererwa kurebera abantu b’inzirakarengane bakurikiranweho ibyaha batakoze kugeza ubwo babihaniwe kandi afite ibimenyetso byatuma barenganurwa cyangwa ngo yemererwe kutagaragaza ikorwa ry’ibyaha yamenye.

Ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga;

Ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga;

Ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga;

Iingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, bityo ikaba nta gaciro ifite;

Ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

Imanza zifashishijwe:

Re Mugisha; RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/ 2018/SC; [2019] 3 RLR

Democratic Green Party of Rwanda v Leta y’ u Rwanda;RS/SPEC/0002/15/CS;[2016] 1RLR

BRALIRWA v. Gisa; RCOMAA 00023/2017/SC; [2020] 2 RLR.

Imanza z’umumahanga zifashishijwe:

Urubanza Cour de cassation 1re chambre civile, 20 décembre 2000, Bull. 2000, I, n° 341.

Urubanza Von Hannover c. Allemagne (N° 2), n° 40660/08 na n° 60641/08), 7/02/2012, igika cya 96.

Urubanza Axel Springer AG c. Allemagne, n° 39954/08), 07/02/2012.

Urubanza Handyside c. Royaume Uni, n°5493/72, 7/12/1976, igika cya 49.

Urubanza Von Hannover c. Allemagne (N° 2), n°40660/08 na n° 60641/08), 7/02/2012, igika cya 123.

Urubanza Aubrey v Vice-Versa (1998) 1 RCS 25.

Urubanza Raphael Cubagee v Michael Yeboah Asare, K. Gyasi Company Limited, Assembly of God Church, n°. J6/04/2017, 28/02/ 2018, urupapuro rwa 4.

Urubanza Bernstein and Others v Betsr and Others NNO 1996 (4) BCLR 449 (CC), igika cya  77.

Urubanza The Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences v Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd 2001 (1) SA 545 (CC), igika cya 15 n’icya 16.

Urubanza Von Hannover v Germany n° 40660/08 na n° 60641/08, 07/02/2012, igika cya 96.

Urubanza Lohé Issa Konaté v Burkina Faso, Communication n° 004/2013, judgment of 05/12/2014, igika cya 135,  136 n’icya 137.

Urubanza R & M v SABC TV 3, JOL 22643, igika cya 37 (2008).

Urubanza MEC for Health, Mpumalanga yaburanaga na M-Net (MEC for Health, Mpumalanga v M-Net 2002 (6) SA 714 (T))

Urubanza E.S. v Sweden n° 5786/08, 21/06/2012, igika cya 57, 58 n’icya 71.

Urubanza Shulman v Group W Productions, Inc. 18 Cal. 4th 200, Supreme Court of California, June 1, 1998.

Urubanza n° Galella v. Onassis 487 F.2d 986 (2d Cir. 1973).

Urubanza White v Sweden, n° 42435,

Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe:

Alexander Heinze, “L’État, c’est moi!” The Defamation of Foreign State Leaders In Times of Globalized Media And Growing Nationalism”, Journal of International Media and Entertainment Law, vol 9, no 1, p. 52, 56-57.

BBC Africa Eye documentary, “Sex for Grades: undercover inside Nigerian and Ghanaian universities”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=we-F0Gi0Lqs byasomwe ku wa 11/03/2022.

BBC Africa Eye documentary, “The Baby Stealers” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ix5jbCmiDU byasomwe ku wa 11/03/2022.

Bernard Dubuisson na Paul Jadoul (sous la dir), La responsabilité civile liée à l'information et au conseil: questions d’actualité, Bruxelles, Presses Universitaires Saint Louis, 2019, p.235.

https://www.justifit.fr/b/guides/droit-propriete-intellectuelle/droit-image-atteinte-vie-privee/

Jo Samanta and Ash Samanta, Medical Law, London, Palgrave, 2015, p. 76

Jonathan Herring, Medical Law and Ethics, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 231 and 241.

Tarlach McGonagle, Minority Rights, Freedom of Expression and of the Media: Dynamics and Dilemmas, Cambridge, Intersentia, Research Series, Volume 44, 2011, p.272.

Manuel Molina, Les Journalistes: Statut professionnel, libertés et responsabilités, Victoire Editions, 1989, p.1-2 and 3.

OSCE, Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study, March 2017, p.16

William A. Schabas, The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp.377 and 448.

Urubanza

                                                                                                          I.            IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA.

[1]               Ku wa 02/05/2021, BYANSI Samuel Baker yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 ndetse n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015.

[2]               Asobanura ko asanzwe ari umunyamakuru w’umwuga ufite ikarita y’akazi no 17/726-1 kuva mu mwaka wa 2015, ko yibanda cyane ku nkuru zicukumbuye (investigative journalism) ndetse n’izo hanze y’igihugu. Avuga ko nyuma yaho Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ritangajwe mu Igazeti ya Leta, yasanze ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’iryo Tegeko zimubangamiye mu kazi ke kandi zibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru nk’uko buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

[3]               By’umwihariko avuga ko:

                                i.            Ingingo ya 156 ibuza umuntu wese kwinjirira ubuzima bwite bw’undi yumviriza, atangaza cyangwa asakaza ku bw’inabi ifoto, amajwi, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko ba nyirabyo batabitangiye uruhushya nyamara hari amafoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho bifatirwa ahantu hahuriye abantu benshi ku buryo bitakoroha kubona uruhushya rwa buri wese mbere yo gutangaza ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho.

                              ii.            Ingingo ya 157 ibuza gutangaza ku bw’inabi amagambo, amafoto n’amashusho byahinduwe hanyuma umunyamakuru ntavuge ko ibyatangajwe bitandukanye n’umwimerere, nyamara mu gihe cyo gukora inkuru, umunyamakuru nk’umunyamwuga ashobora guhindura amagambo, amafoto cyangwa amashusho kugira ngo inkuru yumvikane vuba kandi inyure abayumva. Asobanura ko hari igihe inkuru ishobora kuba ishingiye ku guhindura amashusho cyangwa amafoto, aribwo buryo bwitwa caricature kandi ko nk’ikinyamakuru cyitwa Charlie Hebdo kimaze imyaka 200 gikora gusa inkuru za caricature.

                            iii.            Ingingo ya 194 ibuza umuntu wese gukwiza amakuru atariyo cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha rubanda cyangwa amahanga Leta y’u Rwanda. Avuga ko kuba muri iyi ngingo hakoreshwa interero “umuntu wese” bibangamiye uburenganzira bw’umunyamakuru kubera ko afatwa nk’undi wese kandi afite inshingano yihariye yo gutangaza ibitekerezo bishobora kutakirwa kimwe n’abantu bose, ubundi akaba yatangaza inkuru yabwiwe n’umuntu utamubwije ukuri. Byongeye kandi, avuga ko kuba iyo ngingo idatanga ibisobanuro by’ijambo “icengezamatwara” bishobora gutuma buri rukiko rurisobanura uko rubyumva, umunyamakuru akabirenganiramo.

                            iv.            Ingingo ya 218 ibuza gusebya cyangwa gutuka abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga cyangwa abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda mu gihe bari mu kazi, ibi bikaba birimo ivangura ry’abo ingingo irengera ndetse ikaba ibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutara no gutangaza amakuru n’ubwo gutanga ibitekerezo.

                              v.            Ingingo ya 251 ihana umuntu wamenye akarengane k’undi, wamenye ikorwa ry’icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye ntabimenyeshe inzego zibishinzwe cyangwa uwanze gutanga ubuhamya mu nzego z’ubutabera, nyamara kandi umunyamakuru afite inshingano zo kutavuga aho yakuye amakuru, kubihanirwa bikaba bibangamiye uburenzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.

[4]               Me MBONIGABA Eulade na Me HABUMUREMYI Prosper, bahagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda bavuga ko ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 ndetse n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015 kubera ko hari ibikorwa by’umunyamakuru nk’umuntu usanzwe n’ibikorwa bye nk’umunyamakuru, bivuze ko ubuzima bwe bwose ataba ari mu bikorwa by’itangazamakuru, bityo ibyo abandi bantu basanzwe bakora nawe akaba ashobora kubikora ndetse n’ibyo bakwiye kubazwa nawe akaba yabibazwa.

[5]               Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku wa 13/12/2021, BYANSI Samuel Baker yunganiwe na Me GAKUNZI MUSORE Valéry na Me RURAMIRA BIZIMANA Zébédée, naho Leta y’u Rwanda iburanirwa na Me MBONIGABA Eulade ndetse na Me HABUMUREMYI Prosper.

[6]               Habanje gusuzumwa ikibazo cyo kumenya niba BYANSI Samuel Baker afite inyungu mu rubanza. Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi rwaciwe ku wa 24/12/2021, Urukiko rwasanze BYANSI Samuel Baker, nk’umunyamakuru ukorera imirimo ye mu Rwanda afite inyungu bwite muri uru rubanza kuko ibivugwa mu ngingo asaba ko Urukiko rwemeza ko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga bireba ku buryo bw’umwihariko umurimo wo gutangaza amakuru. Ikindi kandi, ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange asaba ko zikurwaho, zifite aho zihuriye n’inshingano z’abanyamakuru kandi zireba buri wese uri ku butaka bw’u Rwanda harimo n’abanyamakuru, bityo akaba afite inyungu zo gusaba ko zivaho kuko zishobora kumubangamira ubu cyangwa mu bihe bizaza. Iburanisha ku mizi y’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 14/02/2022.

[7]               Uwo munsi iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame, BYANSI Samuel Baker yunganiwe nka mbere, Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me MBONIGABA Eulade. Urukiko rwabanje gusuzuma ubusabe bwa Centre for Rule of Law Rwanda (CERULAR), ihagarariwe na Me SEBUSANDI Moses, bwo kuba inshuti y’Urukiko, ikaba yaravugaga mu rwandiko rwayo rwo ku wa 19/01/2022, ko ifite inararibonye yasangiza Urukiko kuko isanzwe ikora ubushakashatsi ku burenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ndetse ko inabarizwa mu mahuriro atandukanye y’imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu.

[8]               Nyuma yo gusuzuma inyandiko zatanzwe na CERULAR, Urukiko rwasanze hashingiwe ku murongo rwatanze mu rubanza rwa Democratic Green Party of Rwanda iburana na Leta y’ u Rwand[1] ndetse n’urwo UWIMANA Nkusi Agnès na MUKAKIBIBI Saidati baburanaga n’Ubushinjacyaha[2] w’uko, n’ubwo ubufasha bw’inshuti y’Urukiko ari ingirakamaro kuko ishobora kurufasha gusuzuma amategeko n’ibibazo biri mu rubanza bikeneye ubumenyi budasanzwe cyangwa bikeneye ubushakashatsi Urukiko cyangwa ababuranyi batakwikorera mu buryo bworoshye, kuba inshuti y’Urukiko byemezwa n’Urukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo kandi kugira ngo byemerwe bisaba ko iba ifite ubumenyi bukwiriye, itavuga mu yandi magambo cyangwa idasubiramo ibyavuzwe n’ababuranyi. Rwasanze ubunararibonye CERULAR ivuga ko ifite n’ubushakashatsi ivuga ko ikora itarabitangiye ibimenyetso bihamya ko yaba ifite ubumenyi bukwiriye ku bibazo bisuzumwa ku buryo haba hari igishya iri buzane muri uru rubanza, rwanzura ko itemerewe kuba inshuti y’Urukiko, urubanza rukaba rugomba gukomeza itarurimo.

                                  II.            IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO.

II.1. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[9]               BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ibuza umuntu uwo ari we wese kumviriza cyangwa gutangaza amagambo abantu bavugiye mu muhezo, gufata, gutangaza cyangwa gusakaza ifoto, amajwi, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko nyirabyo atabitangiye uruhushya. Avuga ko hari igihe inkuru iba igamije gucukumbura imikorere y’abantu bafite ubushobozi (powers) cyangwa bakekwaho ibyaha bikaba bitashoboka ko ubasaba uburenganzira bwo kubakoraho inkuru. Atanga urugero rw’uko gukora inkuru isanzwe (open source journalism) ku muntu ucuruza urumogi cyangwa wijandika mu byaha bya ruswa bidafite ingaruka zimwe no kumukoraho inkuru icukumbuye (investigative cyangwa undercover journalism) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kumviriza, gufata amafoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho. Asobanura ko muri iki gihe gukora inkuru kuri bene abo bantu bisaba kwinjira muri telefoni cyangwa mudasobwa byabo kuko aribyo bisigaye bibika amakuru kandi ko iyo byakozwe neza bifasha n’izindi nzego harimo n’iz’ubutabera kubona ibimenyetso byaherwaho hatangira inzira y’ikurikiranacyaha.

[10]           BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko akamaro ka investigative journalism cyangwa undercover journalism atari ugushyira   umunyamakuru hejuru y’amategeko, gushaka kumusimbuza inzego z’iperereza n’ubugenzacyaha cyangwa kumuha ububasha bwo kugenzura itumanaho. Avuga kandi ko iyo umunyamakuru amenye ko hari ikintu kigiye gukorerwa ahantu runaka, ahatanga ba nyir’ubwite, agategura ibikoresho bye, akiyoberanya kugira ngo agere ku ntego ye yo gutara inkuru. Yongeraho ko ubwiye abakekwaho gukora ibyaha ko ugiye gushyiraho camera kugira ngo ubafate amajwi n’amashusho batabyemera, ariyo mpamvu rimwe na rimwe bisaba kwinjira mu bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga (hacking) by’aho inkuru igiye gutarirwa cyangwa hagakoreshwa cameras na microphones zihishe kugira ngo inkuru itarwe neza.

[11]            Avuga ko uburyo bw’itangazamakuru bwa investigative journalism na undercover journalism bumenyerewe mu bindi bihugu. Atanga urugero rwa Ghana na Kenya, aho bwatanze umusaruro ku bibazo by’abarimu ba kaminuza basambanya abanyeshuli b’abakobwa kugira ngo babahe amanota (Sex for Grades: undercover inside Nigerian and Ghanaian universities)[3] n’iby’abana b’impinja bibwaga ba nyina ku mihanda cyangwa mu mavuriro ya Nairobi bakagurishwa abagore b’ingumba cyangwa bakicwa kugira ngo ibice byabo bikoreshwe mu mihango gakondo (The Baby Stealers).[4] Avuga ko kuri bene ibi byaha hamwe n’ibyaha byo gucuruza urumogi cyangwa gutanga no kwakira ruswa, bigoranye kubikorera inkuru hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa open source journalism bumenyerewe mu Rwanda kuko bidakorerwa ku karubanda nko muri gare aho abanyamakuru bashobora gufata amafoto, amajwi n’amashusho ntawe ubanje kubisabira uruhushya.

[12]            Me RURAMIRA Bizimana Zébédée na Me GAKUNZI Musore Valéry, bunganira BYANSI Samuel Baker, bavuga ko impamvu ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ari uko umushingamategeko yirengagije ko hari igihe amafoto afatirwa ahantu hahuriye abantu benshi ku buryo bitakoroha kubona uruhushya rwa buri wese. Bavuga ko hari amahame rusange atatu uru Rukiko rukwiye gusuzuma, rwasanga atarubahirijwe rukemeza ko ingingo iregerwa inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Ayo mahame ni aya akurikira: kumenya niba ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ari ngombwa mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi; kumenya niba ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo bireba n’amafoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho by’ibyamamare no kumenya niba bikwiye ko umunyamakuru ahanirwa kuba yafashe ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho akabitangaza.

[13]           Bavuga ko guhanira umunyamakuru gufata no gutangaza ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho ari ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ndetse ko amagambo “ku bw’inabi” yashyizwe mu ngingo ya 156 yavuzwe haruguru ashobora guhabwa ibisobanuro byagutse, nyamara ingingo z’amategeko mpanabyaha zisomwa uko zakabaye. Bavuga ko n’ubwo byafatwa ko abanyamakuru bakora inshingano zabo ku bw’ineza, uwo inkuru itashimishije ashobora kuvuga ko yakozwe ku bw’inabi. Basobanura ko amagambo “ku bw’inabi” amenyerewe mu manza mbonezamubano, bityo igikwiye akaba ari uko umuntu utanyuzwe n’inkuru yamutangajweho agana inkiko mbonezamubano akabisabira indishyi, aho kuregera inkiko mpanabyaha.

[14]           Basobanura ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru ibarizwa mu byaha bibangamira imibereho bwite y’abantu (offences against privacy), kandi ko ntaho iryo tegeko ritanga igisobanuro cy’imibereho bwite y’umuntu ndetse ko n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga igarukira gusa ku kurengera imibereho bwite itayitangiye igisobanuro.[5] Kuri bo, igisobanuro cy’imibereho bwite gitangwa n’ingingo ya 3, agace ka 6° y’Itegeko no 058/2021 ryo ku wa 13/10/2021 ryerekeye kurinda amakuru bwite n’imibereho bwite by’umuntu, ivuga ko imibereho bwite y’umuntu ari “uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’umuntu bwo kwemeza undi muntu ushobora kubona amakuru bwite ye, igihe n’ahantu yayabonera, impamvu yayabona, uburyo akoresha ayabona n’uburyo bwakoreshwa kugira ngo agerweho”. Bavuga kandi ko ibikubiye muri iyi ngingo bihura n’umurongo wafashwe n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza GISA Frediane yaburanaga na BRALIRWA Ltd,[6] aho rwemeje ko ikirego cya GISA Frediane gisaba indishyi gifite ishingiro kuko sosiyete yitwa EXP Rwanda yahaye BRALIRWA Ltd amafoto ye batabyumvikanyeho, nayo ikayakoresha mu kwamamaza ikinyobwa cya Heinken. Bavuga ndetse ko ibyo bitandukanye n’ifoto yafashwe kandi igatangazwa n’umunyamakuru. Basobanura ko inkiko z’ibindi bihugu nk’Urukiko Rusesa Imanza mu Bufaransa zavuze ko gutangaza ifoto y’umuntu wakomerekeye mu gitero cy’iterabwoba ntaho bibangamiye agaciro ka muntu kuko umunyamakuru ataba agamije amakabyankuru (sensationnel) cyangwa gutesha agaciro uwahohotewe.[7]

[15]            Bavuga ndetse ko Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu narwo rwibukije ko uburenganzira ku buzima bwite bukubiyemo umwirondoro w’umuntu harimo izina n’ifoto bye no kwishyira ukuzina ku bijyanye n’umubiri cyangwa ubwenge, ko ku bijyanye n’amafoto cyangwa amashusho, rwasobanuye ko ari bimwe mu by’ingenzi biranga umuntu kuko bigaragaza umwimerere we kandi bikamutandukanya n’abandi, ari nayo mpamvu buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugena uburyo ifoto cyangwa amashusho bye bikoreshwa harimo no kwanga ko bitangazwa.[8] Bavuga ko nabo bemera ko ubwo burenganzira bugomba kubahwa n’abandi ndetse inkiko zikaburinda, ariko bigahuzwa na none n’uburenganzira bw’umunyamakuru ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, guhabwa amakuru no kugaragaza ibitekerezo nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ingingo ya 19[9] y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu ryo mu mwaka wa 1948 n’iya 19 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku Burenganzira mu by’Imbonezamubano na Politiki yo mu mwaka wa 1966, byose bigaragaza ko nta tegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bikwiye kunyuranya n’iryo hame.

[16]              Basobanura ko mu rubanza Axel Springer AG yaburanaga n’igihugu cy’Ubudage, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwahuje ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwite, rusanga ingingo esheshatu (6) zikurikira zigomba kugenderwaho kugira ngo ubwo burenganzira bwombi bwuzuzanye: Gusuzuma niba inkuru igamije gutanga umusanzu mu biganiro cyangwa impaka bigamije inyungu rusange; gusuzuma ikigize inkuru no kumenya niba uwakozweho inkuru ari icyamamare; gusuzuma imyitwarire isanzwe iranga uwakoze inkuru; gusuzuma uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gutara inkuru; gusuzuma ukuri kw’ibivugwa mu nkuru, ibigize inkuru, uburyo yatangajwe ndetse n’ingaruka zayo; no gusuzuma ibijyanye n’ibihano amategeko yateganyirije icyo cyaha.[10]

[17]              Bongeraho ko mu rubanza Re Mugisha Richard, uru Rukiko narwo rwemeje ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta ariko ko hari ibyo butagomba kubangamira,[11] ndetse ko uyu murongo ushimangirwa n’inkiko zitandukanye zavuze ko ubwisanzure bw’umunyamakuru butagarukira gusa ku nkuru cyangwa ibitekerezo byakiriwe neza, ahubwo ko bireba n’izakanze cyangwa izaciye igikuba muri Leta cyangwa igice kimwe cy’abaturage.[12]

[18]           Bavuga nanone ko ubwo Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwasesenguraga ingingo ya 10 y’Amasezerano y'Ibihugu by'i Burayi y'uburenganzira bwa muntu,[13] rwasanze irengayobora ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ryemerwa iyo hubahirijwe ibi bikurikira: 1) kuba iryo rengayobora cyangwa imbogamizi biteganyijwe n’amategeko, 2) kuba intego yaryo yumvikana (but légitime), 3) kuba ari ngombwa kwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi (si l'ingérence était nécessaire dans une société démocratique). Kuri bo uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’umuntu n'ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bigomba kubahirizwa ku buryo bungana, ibyo bikaba bisaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari ngombwa mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi kabone n’ubwo haba hatangajwe inkuru idashimishije cyangwa ifite uwo ibangamiye, irengayobora kuri iryo hame ry’ubwisanzure bw’itanganzamakuru rikaba ridakwiye gusesengurwa mu buryo bugenekereje. Bavuga ko Urukiko rwemeza irengayobora iyo riri ngombwa kandi rikenewe n’abaturage, ari naho Urukiko ruhera rusuzuma niba ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru guhura n’intego irengerwa, harebwe imiterere y’ikirego rwashyikirijwe.

[19]           Banasobanura ko Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwasuzumye ikibazo nk’iki, aho rwari rwaregewe n’abantu bafashwe amafoto bari mu muhanda, agasohoka mu binyamakuru. Abafotowe basabye Inkiko z’Ubudage guhagarika ikwirakwiza ry’iyo nkuru zirabyanga, bituma barega Igihugu cy’Ubudage mu Rukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, bavuga ko itangazwa ry’amafoto yabo mu binyamakuru ryabangamiye imibereho bwite yabo, urwo Rukiko rusanga ayo mafoto ntacyo yari atwaye ku buryo itangazwa ryayo ryahagarikwa[14]. Bongeraho ariko ko Urukiko rwahise rushyiraho amahame remezo akurikira: 1) kuba mu nshingano ze za buri munsi, umunyamakuru afata amafoto, amashusho n’ibiganiro akabitangaza nk’umusanzu we mu biganiro bifitiye akamaro rubanda kandi mu nyungu rusange (la contribution à un débat d’intérêt général), 2) kuba gufata amafoto, amashusho n’ibiganiro by’abantu b’ibyamamare ntaho bibangamiye imibereho bwite yabo iyo bagereranyijwe n’abaturage basanzwe (la notoriété de la personne visée et l’objet du reportage),kuba umunyamakuru akora inshingano kinyamwuga kandi ku neza ya bose.

[20]           Basoza basaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko guhana umunyamakuru watangaje ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho byafashwe nyirabyo atabitangiye uruhushya ari ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru (une ingérence dans le droit à la liberté d’expression) kandi ko atari ngombwa mu Rwanda nk’Igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi, bityo rukanzura ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[21]           Me MBONIGABA Eulade, uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda, avuga ko ibyo BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko akwiye kwemererwa gukoresha camera zihishe birenze ibyo gutangaza inkuru kuko izo ari inshingano z’ubugenzacyaha cyangwa z’abashinzwe ubutasi, ndetse kuba bikorwa ahandi akaba ataribyo byaherwaho hemezwa ko ibibujijwe n’amategeko y’u Rwanda binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kuko bishoboka ko aho bikorwa Itegeko Nshinga ryabo ribibemerera.

[22]           Asobanura ko ingingo ya 8, igika cya 2 y’Itegeko rigenga itangazamakuru ivuga ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta iyo bukoreshejwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, naho ingingo ya 9 y’iryo Tegeko ikavuga ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru butagomba kubangamira ubwa rubanda, aricyo cyatumye mu ntangiriro y’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, Umushingamategeko akoresha amagambo “ku bw’inabi”, kandi ko aya magambo ahura neza n’imbibi zashyizwe ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’ingingo ya 38, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[23]           Avuga ko impungenge BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bafite z’uko hari ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho bishobora gufatirwa ahantu hahuriye abantu benshi ku buryo bitakoroha kubona uruhushya rwa buri wese, nabyo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko iyo ibyo bikorwa bibaye bene byo babibona, babizi kandi bafite ubushobozi bwo kubyamagana ntibabikore, bifatwa nk’aho babyemeye. Naho ku bijyanye no kumenya niba kubuzwa kumviriza bibangamiye imikorere y’umunyamakuru, avuga ko ataribyo kuko uburenganzira umunyamakuru ahabwa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga buzitirwa n’ituze n’umudendezo bya rubanda, ndetse akaba ari ngombwa gusobanukirwa ko ubwisanzure n’uburenganzira bitavuze kurengera iby’abandi bantu, ahubwo ko ingingo ya 41 y’Itegeko Nshinga[15] iteganya ko ubwisanzure bugarukira aho amategeko atabuza.

[24]           Akomeza avuga ko abahanga mu mategeko bahamya ko uburenganzira bw’undi bwagutse, hakaba hakubiyemo uburenganzira kuri kamere (personnalité), ku bunyangamugayo n’icyubahiro (integrité morale, honneur), uburengazira bwo kugira no kugirirwa ibanga[16] kandi ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru atari umwihariko w’u Rwanda. Atanga urugero rwo mu Bufaransa, aho ingingo ya 226, igika cya mbere[17] n’icya 2,[18] y’Itegeko rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano ihana ifatwa n’itangazwa ry’ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho y’abantu byabereye mu muhezo ba nyirabyo batabanje kubitangira uburenganzira. Asobanura ko n’ingingo ya 179 bis y’Itegeko rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano mu Busuwisi nayo iteganya ko umuntu wese wifashisha ibyuma akumviriza cyangwa agashakira indonke mu kumviriza amajwi y’abandi yabereye mu muhezo batabimwemereye, uzaba yabitse ayo majwi cyangwa akayasangiza undi kandi azi cyangwa ashobora kumenya ko yafashwe mu buryo bwo gukora icyaha, iyo biregewe, azahanishwa igifungo kitarenze imyaka itatu cyangwa ihazabu.[19] Avuga kandi ko n’abahanga mu mategeko bemeza ko ntawe ushobora gufotora umuntu ifoto ifitanye isano n’imibereho ye bwite atabanje kubimwemerera,[20] bityo akaba asanga ntaho ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[25]           Asoza avuga ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange kimwe n’izindi ngingo zaryo ziregerwa muri uru rubanza ari nshya mu mategeko y’u Rwanda. Asobanura ko n’ubwo atabashije kubona impaka zazigiweho mu gihe cyo kuzitora, zashyizweho mu rwego rwo gushyiraho umurongo itangazamakuru rigomba kugenderaho hagamijwe gukumira ko ryakongera kugwa mu mutego ryaguyemo ubwo ryakoreshwaga mu gutegura jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[26]           Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga igira iti: “Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buremewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, ukurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Uko ubwo bwisanzure bukoreshwa n’iyubahirizwa ryabwo biteganywa n’amategeko.”

[27]           Ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga ko “Umuntu wese, ku bw’inabi, mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, wivanga mu mibereho bwite y’undi akoresheje:1º kumviriza cyangwa gutangaza amagambo abantu bavugiye mu muhezo atabiherewe uruhushya; 2º gufata ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho cyangwa kubitangaza nyirayo atabitangiye uruhushya; aba akoze icyaha. Umuntu wese uhamijwe n’urukiko gukora kimwe mu bikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. Iyo ibikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo byabaye bene byo babibona kandi babizi, ntibabyamagane kandi bashoboraga kubyamagana, bifatwa nk’aho babyemeye. Ibihano bivugwa mu gika cya 2 cy’iyi ngingo ni byo bihabwa umuntu, ku bw’inabi, usakaza hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ifoto, amajwi n’amashusho, ifatamajwi cyangwa inyandiko yabonywe hakoreshejwe igikorwa kimwe mu bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo.”

[28]           Mu rubanza Re Mugisha Richard, rwibukijwe haruguru na BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira, uru Rukiko rwasanze ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ishyiraho ihame ry’uko ubwisanzure bw’itanganzamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru byemewe kandi bigomba kubahirizwa na Leta, bityo icyo aricyo cyose harimo n’Itegeko cyangwa ingingo zaryo zinyuranye n’iryo hame zikaba zikwiye gufatwa nk’izinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga.[21] Ibivugwa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga bihura kandi n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 19 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mbonezamubano na poliki yo ku wa 19/12/1966 u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/02/1975,[22] nayo ivuga ko mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru hakubiyemo ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ntacyo umuntu yikanga n’uburenganzira bwo gushaka, kubona no gukwirakwiza ibitekerezo aho ariho hose.

[29]           Igika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga gishyiraho ibintu bikurikira ubwisanzure n’uburenganzira bivugwa mu gika cya mbere bitagomba kubangamira:

                                i.            Ituze rusange rya rubanda;

                              ii.            Imyifatire mbonezabupfura;

                            iii.            Kurengera urubyiruko n’abana;

                            iv.            Uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro;

                              v.            Uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho bwite ye n’iy’umuryango we.

[30]           Naho igika cya gatatu cy’iyo ngingo kivuga ko uko ubwisanzure bukoreshwa n’iyubahiriza ryabwo biteganywa n’amategeko. Ibiteganywa n’igika cya kabiri n’icya gatatu by’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga binagarukwaho n’ingingo ya 19, igika cya gatatu (a) na (b) y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki ivuga ko mubyo amategeko ashyiraho ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru atagomba kurenga harimo agaciro n’icyubahiro cy’undi, kurengera umutekano w’igihugu, ituze rusange, ubuzima ndetse n’uburere mbonezabupfura. Muri ayo mategeko avugwa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse n’ingingo ya 19, igika cya gatatu (a) na (b) y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki, harimo n’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru.

[31]           Icyo BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira basaba uru Rukiko ni ukwemeza ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari uburenganzira buri hejuru (primacy/primauté) y’uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite, bityo ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru irengera uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite iburizamo uburenganzira bw’umunyamakuru ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, bavuga ko ibyo aribyo bituma iyo ngingo inyuranya n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[32]              Uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’umuntu n’iy’umuryango busanzwe buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ko imibereho bwite y’umuntu, iy’umuryango we, urugo rwe cyangwa ubutumwa yohererezanya n’abandi bidashobora kuvogerwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko; ndetse ko icyubahiro n’agaciro ke bigomba kubahirizwa. Ubu burenganzira buteganyijwe kandi mu ngingo ya 17 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mbonezamubano na poliki yo ku wa 19/12/1966 ivuga ko “Nta muntu uzavogerwa mu buzima bwe bwite, ubw’umuryango we, urugo rwe cyangwa ubutumwa ahererekanya n’abandi cyangwa ngo akorerwe ibikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko bimutesha agaciro kandi bimusebya. Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa n’Itegeko kugira ngo iryo vogera cyangwa ibyo bikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko bitabaho.”[23]

[33]           [33]. Kuba ingingo ya 38, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko Nshinga igaruka ku burenganzira bwo kutavogerwa mu mibereho bwite y’umuntu ku giti cye n’umuryango we, ni uko Itegeko Nshinga ryashatse gushyira ku munzani (balance) uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite n’uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru. Bwombi burengerwa kimwe n’Itegeko Nshinga. Kubahiriza bumwe ntibivanaho inshingano zo kubahiriza ubundi. Bivuze ko uwumviriza, ufata cyangwa utangaza amajwi, amafoto cyangwa amashusho y’abandi azitirwa n’uburenganzira itegeko riteganyiriza abo abikorera. N’iyo iryo tegeko ritariho, azitirwa n’imyitwarire iboneye, ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imibereho myiza muri rusange. Izi mbibi (limitations) zateganyijwe n’ingingo ya 41 y’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse n’ingingo ya 19, igika cya gatatu, y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mbonezamubano na poliki yo ku wa 19/12/1966. Bityo, uwumviriza, ufata amajwi, amafoto cyangwa amashusho kabone n’ubwo yaba ari umunyamakuru, ntiyakwitwaza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, ngo avuge ko uburenganzira bwe budafite gitangira.

[34]           Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 9, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iteganya ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo kumenya amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire iboneye, uburenganzira bwa buri muntu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro mu maso y’abandi n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we; bwemerwa kandi iyo butabangamiye irengerwa ry’abana. Naho ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko n° 04/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryerekeye kubona amakuru ivuga ku bwoko bw’amakuru atemewe gutangazwa aho igira iti:

“amakuru afitwe n’urwego rwa Leta cyangwa urw’abikorera rurebwa n’iri tegeko ntiyemewe gutangazwa, iyo ashobora:

1.      1° guhungabanya umutekano w’Igihugu;

2.      2° kubangamira iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko cyangwa ubutabera;

3.      3° gutera ukwivanga mu buzima bwite bw’umuntu bitari mu nyungu

4.      rusange;

5.      4° kubangamira ukurindwa kw’amabanga y’ubucuruzi cyangwa ubundi burenganzira bw’umutungo mu by’ubwenge kwemewe n’amategeko;

6.      5° kubangamira mu ikurikiranwa n’ubutabera k’ubuyobozi bw’urwego rwa Leta cyangwa igihe riteganyijwe.”

[35]           Iyo ingingo ya 9, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru isomewe hamwe n’iya 4 y’Itegeko n° 04/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryerekeye kubona amakuru, zumvikanisha ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bufite aho bugarukira, imbibi zabwo akaba ari ahanini kurengera inyungu rusange n’imibereho bwite y’abandi.

[36]           Ubwo mu rubanza Lohé Issa Konaté yaburanaga na Burkina Faso, Urukiko Nyafurika rushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage (African Court on Human and People’s Rights) rwasesenguraga uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru buteganywa mu ngingo ya 9 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage yemejwe ku wa 27/06/1981,[24] rwasanze n’ubwo ntaho iyi ngingo iteganya mu buryo bweruye imbibi ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru nk’uko bimeze mu yandi masezerano mpuzamahanga, isesengura ry’amagambo “within the law” asoza igika cya kabiri rigomba gushingira ku mahame mpuzamahanga ashyiraho aho ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bugomba kugarukira, rwanzura ko ubwo bwisanzure buzitirwa no kurengera inyungu bwite z’abantu nk’uburenganzira ku gaciro n’icyubahiro byabo, inyungu rusange, umutekano, ubuzima rusange ndetse n’umuco mbonezabupfura.

[37]           Ku kibazo cyo kumenya igisobanuro cy’imibereho bwite n’aho uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite bugarukira, Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga idatanga ibisobanuro birambuye, ingingo ya 3, agace ka 6 y’Itegeko n° 058/2021 ryo ku wa 12/10/2021 ryerekeye kurinda amakuru bwite n’imibereho bwite by’umuntu itangira isobanura ko imibereho bwite ari uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’umuntu butuma agira uruhare mu gutuma amakuru ye bwite amuvaho akagera ku bandi.

[38]              Inkiko z’ibindi bihugu nazo zasobanuye akamaro n’uburemere by’uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’umuntu. Mu rubanza Aubry yaburanaga na Vice-Versa, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada rwagize ruti: “Uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’umuntu ni ishingiro ry’uburenganzira mu bihugu by’iki gihe. Bushingiye ku gaciro n’ubudahungabanywa bw’ikiremwamuntu. Mubyo burengera harimo n’ahantu umuntu aba ari wenyine, akaba afite uburenganzira bwo gukora amahitamo bwite (La notion de la vie privée est au coeur de la liberté dans un Etat moderne et se fonde sur la notion de dignité et d’intégrité de la personne. Le droit à la vie privée protège entre autres choses, la sphère limitée d’autonomie personnelle où se fondent des choix intrinsèquement privés”.)[25]

[39]           Mu rubanza Raphael Cubagee yaburanaga na Michael Yeboah Asare rwaciwe ku wa 28/02/2018, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Ghana, ubwo rwasuzumaga ikibazo cyo kumenya niba umuntu wafashe amajwi y’uwo bavuganaga kuri telefoni atabimwemereye yayakoresha nk’ikimenyetso mu rubanza afitanye n’undi, rwasanze:

“N’ubwo ibikubiye mu burenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’umuntu n’umuryango we bitarondowe byose n’Itegeko Nshinga, bikwiye kumvikana ko ubwo burenganzira bukubiyemo ubwo kureka umuntu akabaho uko abyumva, ntawumuvogereye, ntawumukurikirana, nta n’umwamamaza. Ni uburenganzira bwemerera buri wese kwivana mu bandi, kugira amabanga, kutimenyekanisha muri rubanda no kugira ububasha bwo kumenya ibishaka kwinjirira imibereho ye bwite. Ni uburenganzira bw’ingenzi kandi ku kiremwa muntu kuko ari bwo butuma aba uwo ariwe, akagira irangamimerere rye bwite ndetse agaharanira no kugera ku ntego zihuje na kamere ye. Nibwo burenganzira butuma umuntu yigenga kuko bitabaye bityo abayobozi bakoresha icyo bashatse imibereho y’abaturage ndetse bakabangamira n’ukwishyira ukizana kwabo. Muri ibi bihe isi igezemo by’inkuru n’ikoranabuhanga byoroshya uburyo bwo kwinjirira imibereho bwite y’abaturage, uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite nibwo bukenewe cyane kurusha ubundi. Nicyo cyatumye ibihugu hafi ya byose bishyiraho amategeko n’amabwiriza arambuye arengera imibereho bwite …”.[26]

[40]           Ku bijyanye n’aho uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite bugarukira, Urukiko rushinzwe kurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwa Afurika y’Epfo rwabisobanuye mu rubanza Bernstein and Others baburanaga na Bester and Others, rusanga iyo umuntu ari ahiherereye, imibereho bwite ye igomba kurengerwa cyane, icyo gihe nta rengayobora rishoboka kuri ubwo burenganzira, kereka mu gihe nyir’ubwite atangiye gusabana n’abandi bantu hanze y’ahiherereye.[27] Naho mu rubanza The Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences And Others yaburanaga na Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd And Others, rwongeraho ko kubahiriza uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite ari ngombwa n’ubwo abantu baba bari mu biro, mu modoka cyangwa kuri telefoni zabo. Icyo gihe ntawemerewe kuvogera uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ko bikwiye gufatwa ko buri gihe umuntu afite ubushobozi bwo gufata icyemezo cyo kwigaragariza rubanda, yaba atabikoze icyo cyemezo kikubahwa kuko kiba gishyira mu bikorwa uburenganzira bwe ku mibereho bwite.[28]

[41]           Urukiko rurasanga rero mu bigize imibereho bwite y’umuntu harimo n’amajwi, amafoto, amashusho n’ubutumwa bwite kuko ari bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi biranga nyirabyo kandi bimutandukanya n’abandi. Niyo mpamvu muri iki gihe buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uburyo amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite bye byafashwe, bibikwa cyangwa bitangazwa. Ubwo burenganzira bukubiyemo no kuba nyirabyo yakwanga kumvirizwa, kwanga ko amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa ubutumwa bwite bifatwa, bibikwa, bitangazwa, bisakazwa cyangwa bivanwamo kopi nyinshi. Bitabaye bityo, haba hari ikintu cy’ingenzi cy’umuntu kigenzurwa n’undi kandi nyir’ubwite akaba adafite ububasha bwo gukurikirana icyo kumviriza, amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite bye byakoreshwa. Ibi kandi bihura n’amahame yagarutsweho mu rubanza Von Hannover yaburanaga n’Ubudage,[29] BYANSI Samuel n’abamwunganira nabo bashingiraho mu myanzuro yabo.

[42]           Iyo ibimaze gusobanurwa haruguru bifatiwe hamwe n’ibiteganywa n’igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, igika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 9, y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru ndetse n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko n° 04/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryerekeye kubona amakuru, byumvikanisha ko kumviriza, gufata cyangwa gutangaza amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite mu buryo bwivanga mu mibereho bwite ya nyirabyo bishoboka gusa nibura mu bihe bikurikira:

                                i.            Iyo bene byo babyemeye;

                              ii.            Iyo       byabaye           bene     byo      babibona          kandi   babizi, ntibabyamagane kandi bashoboraga kubyamagana;

                            iii.            Iyo bikozwe ku bw’inyungu rusange.

[43]           Mu gika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, Umushingamategeko yafashe ko iyo bene kumvirizwa, gufatwa cyangwa gutangarizwa amajwi, amafoto cyangwa amashusho babyemeye cyangwa byakozwe babibona kandi babizi ntibabyamagane, nta cyaha kiba cyabaye. Mu mategeko y’u Rwanda, icyo cyaha kibaho ku bw’impamvu ebyiri zikurikira kandi zibangikanye (cumulative): 1) iyo kumviriza, amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite byako byafashwe cyangwa byatangajwe ba nyiri ubwite batabyemeye cyangwa batazi ko ibyo bikorwa birimo gukorwa; 2) iyo kumviriza, amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite byafashwe cyangwa byatangajwe “ku bw’inabi”.

[44]           Guhana abumvirije, abafashe cyangwa abatangaje amajwi, amafoto cyangwa amashusho bagambiriye ikibi ndetse ba nyiri ubwite batabyemeye cyangwa batabizi nibyo biha igisobanuro gikwiye uburenganzira bwo “kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho bwite n’iy’umuryango” buvugwa mu ngingo ya 23 n’iya 38, igika cya kabiri z’Itegeko Nshinga. Gushyira imbibi ku burenganzira buteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga si umwihariko w’u Rwanda. Ubwo rwasuzumaga niba Burkina Faso yararengereye ubwo yateganyaga ingingo z’amategeko zihana abantu bavogera uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite, Urukiko Nyafurika rushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage, rwasanze ingingo ya 109, iya 110, n’iya 111 z’Itegeko rigenga itangazamakuru muri Burkina Faso zigamije kurengera agaciro n’icyubahiro cy’umuntu n’umwuga we, naho iya 178 y’Itegeko Mpanabyaha rya Burkina Faso igamije kurengera agaciro n’icyubahiro by’abakozi b’inkiko igihe bari mu nshingano zabo, bityo imbibi zishyizweho n’ayo mategeko ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru zikaba zigamije impamvu zumvikana kandi zihuje neza n’ibiteganywa n’amahame mpuzamahanga kuri iyo ngingo.[30] Icy’ingenzi ni uko ingaruka ziterwa n’imbibi zashyizweho n’Umushingamategeko zitagomba kurusha uburemere inyungu zirengerwa.[31]

[45]           Iby’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru , ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bufite aho bugarukira byibukijwe na none n’Urukiko rushinzwe ibijyanye n’itangazamakuru mu gihugu cya Afurika y’Epfo (Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa), ubwo rwasesenguraga uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite buteganywa n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga ya Afurika y’Epfo[32] n’uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru nabwo buteganywa n’ingingo ya 16 y’Itegeko Nshinga ya Afurika y’Epfo,[33] rusanga: “mu by’ukuri uburenganzira bw’abaturage bwo kubona amakuru bushingiye ahanini ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ariko itangazamakuru ntiryemerewe gutangaza inkuru ivogera imibereho bwite y’umuntu hatabanje kugaragazwa ko byakozwe mu nyungu rusange.” [34] Mu yandi magambo uburenganzira bwa rubanda bwo guhabwa amakuru ntabwo bwemerera umunyamakuru kurengera ngo akore n’ibidakwiye cyangwa ibitemewe n’amategeko.

[46]              Uyu murongo uhura n’uwemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu rubanza E.S. yaburanaga na Suwede,[35] w’uko ibihugu bifite inshingano zo gufata ingamba zirengera ubuzima bwite kabone n’ubwo byaba ari hagati y’abantu ku giti cyabo, bikaba bigomba gushyiraho amategeko akumira ihohotera rikozwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo. Rusanga n’ubwo amategeko ahana ataricyo gisubizo cyonyine, ari ngombwa gushyiraho ingingo z’amategeko ahana ziremereye mu rwego rwo kuburizamo ibikorwa bikomeye bishobora kubangamira indangagaciro z’ingenzi n’ibintu by’ibanze mu mibereho bwite y’umuntu.[36] Rusanga kandi iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu by’amafilime, amafoto n’itumanaho rishimangira ko ari ngombwa kurushaho kurengera imibereho bwite.[37] Umuhanga William A. Schabas avuga ko hari ibihugu by’Iburayi byahise bishyira mu mategeko ahana ibikorwa bijyanye no gufata abantu amashusho rwihishwa cyangwa mu buryo butemewe cyane cyane iyo byakozwe mu buryo bubangamiye imibereho bwite.[38]

[47]           Urukiko rurasanga no mu rubanza Shulman yaburanaga na Group W. Productions, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa California rwarasanze umunyamakuru watangaje kuri televiziyo amashusho n’ikiganiro umurwayi yagiranye n’abaganga baje kumutabara bari mu mbangukiragutabara, akabikora atabyemerewe na nyiri ubwite, atakwitwaza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru nk’impamvu imuvanaho uburyozwe kubera ko yavogereye imibereho bwite y’umurwayi yuririye ku ihungabana n’intege nke yari afite. Rwasanze kandi itangazamakuru iyo ritara inkuru, nta budahangarwa (immunity) rigira ku ikoreshwa ry’amategeko, bityo amategeko asanzwe arengera inyungu rusange akaba ashobora gukumira ubwisanzure bwaryo kuko ntaho ivugurura rya mbere ry’Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika riteganyiriza umunyamakuru uburyo budasanzwe bwo gutara inkuru butandukanye n’ubwo rubanda isanzwe ibonamo inkuru.[39]

[48]           Mu rubanza Galella yaburanaga na Onassis,[40] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwa Amerika (2nd Circuit) narwo rwasanze Donald Galella wari umufotozi w’umunyamwuga, umenyereye gufotora ibyamamare akagurisha amafoto mu binyamakuru adashobora kwitwaza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru buteganywa n’ivugurura rya mbere ry’Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika (1st amendment) ngo yinjirire imibereho bwite y’abantu kuko ibyaha n’amakosa bitarengerwa n’Itegeko Nshinga. Urukiko rwasanze n’ubwo inyungu rusange zishobora kurutishwa imibereho bwite, kurengera inyungu rusange ntibigomba kurenga ibikenewe. Rwasanze n’ubwo Onassis yari icyamamare, ibikorwa bya Galella byararenze imbibi zo gutara inkuru, rwanzura ko gusaba abanyamakuru kubahiriza amategeko ntaho bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

[49]           Urukiko rurasanga rero ibyo BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite atari inkomyi ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru nta shingiro bifite. Kurengera imibereho bwite ntibigarukira gusa ku bantu basanzwe n’ubwo aribo bakeneye kurengerwa cyane kurusha ibyamamare n’abanyapolitiki. Icyakora kandi, inkuru ireba ibyo byamamare ntiyavogera imibereho bwite yabo hatagamijwe kurengera inyungu rusange. Mbere yo kumviriza, gufata cyangwa gutangaza amajwi, ifoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite y’icyamamare cyangwa umunyapolitiki, umunyamakuru agomba iteka kwibaza niba biri mu nyungu rusange gusembura amatsiko ya rubanda kuri iyo ngingo, yasanga ibyo yari agiye gukora biri mu rwego rw’amabanga y’imibereho bwite, akabireka.

[50]           Kuri iyi ngingo, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwasobanuye ko urugero rw’inyungu rusange ari nk’igihe inkuru igamije itahurwa ry’ikorwa ry’ibyaha, ishaka kugaragaza ibitekerezo bya politiki by’uwakozweho iyo nkuru kugira ngo bisembure ibiganiro bishingiye kuri demokarasi cyangwa ifitanye isano n’imikino n’imyidagaduro.[41] Naho inkuru ivuga ku kuba umuntu runaka akekwaho gukora icyaha, igaruka ku bibazo by’amafaranga ku muhanzi runaka cyangwa iyinjira mu bibazo by’urushako ku munyapolitiki runaka ntabwo yafatwa nk’igamije inyungu rusange.[42] Ibi kandi bihura na none n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 y’Itegeko n° 04/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryerekeye kubona amakuru ivuga ko inyungu rusange ari ikintu gifitiye abaturage akamaro hashingiwe ku bibazo byugarije ubuzima bwabo cyangwa ikigamije kugaragaza uburyo urwego runaka rusohoza inshingano zarwo, uburyo ingengo y’imari ya Leta ikoreshwa cyangwa se kwimakaza ibiganiro mpaka bifite ireme.

[51]           Urukiko rurasanga ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru byumvikanisha ko kuba umunyamakuru akeneye gutara inkuru ubwabyo bitamuha ubudahangarwa. Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga igomba kumvikana nk’iyashyize ku munzani uburemere bw’ingaruka zikomoka ku kutubahiriza imibereho bwite kubera gushaka kubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, n’izikomoka ku kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kubera gushaka kurengera imibireho bwite. Bigaragara ko ingaruka zo kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru iyo umunyamakuru abujijwe kuvogera imibereho bwite y’abantu arizo nke, bityo umunyamakuru akaba atemerewe kwinjirira ubuzima bwite bw’abandi kuko gusa atekereza ko yabonye inkuru. Umuhanga Manuel Molina abivuga neza muri aya magambo:

“la liberté qui lui (le journaliste) est reconnue par la Constitution a dû être inscrite par la loi dans les limites nécessaires pour le maintien de la justice et de l’ordre social… C’est dire combien doivent être prudents les journalistes comme les éditeurs et les diffuseurs qui ne doivent pas croire que tout leur est permis au nom de cette liberté solennellement proclamée et oublier que des limites sont imposées pour éviter que la liberté des uns ne dégénère en dommages pour autrui.”[43]

[52]              Urukiko rurasanga ntaho mu rubanza Axel Springer AG yaburanaga n’Ubudage, bivugwa ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari ndakumirwa (absolute) ku buryo amahame atandatu BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko yashyizweho muri urwo rubanza,[44] yafatwa nk’akumira burundu uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite. Ikigaragarira Urukiko ni uko mu gika cya 110 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi rwasanze ahubwo uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite ari imbibi (limitation) ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ariko mu gushyira mu bikorwa bumwe muri ubwo burenganzira hakaba gushyira ku munzani (proportionality) kugira ngo hatagira ikiremerera ikindi mu buryo buburizamo inyungu irengerwa.[45] Urukiko rwabigezeho rumaze kwibutsa umurongo rwatanze mu rubanza Hachette Filipacchi Associés (ICI PARIS) yaburanaga n’Ubufaransa, narwo BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bashingiraho, w’uko uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’ubwo ku mibereho bwite bigomba gufatwa kimwe.[46]

[53]         Urukiko rurasanga kandi uburyo bwo gutara inkuru buzwi nka investigative journalism cyangwa under cover journalism bufitiye igihugu n’abaturage akamaro kanini. Bushobora gutuma amakuru ajyanye n’uburyo inzego zigenga n’iza Leta zifata ibyemezo amenyekana, bigafasha gutahura ikorwa ry’ibyaha cyane cyane ibikorwa mu ibanga nka ruswa, ihohotera rishingiye ku gitsina, kunyereza umutungo wa rubanda, ubuhemu. Bushobora gutuma n’imikorere mibi cyangwa ibyemezo bifutamye bitahurwa. Icyakora izo nyungu zose ntizarutishwa uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite, kuko ubwisanzure na none buvuze gukora ikitabangamiye abandi. Henri Ader yibutsa ko umunyamakuru wese, yaba uwandika, ufotora, ukora iperereza, ukorera radio cyangwa televiziyo, agomba kwibaza buri gihe niba mu gushyira mu bikorwa ubwisanzure bwe, ntaho arengereye uburenganzira bw’undi cyangwa imbibi zashyizweho n’itegeko.[47]

[54]           Urukiko rurasanga muri uru rubanza BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko amagambo “ku bw’inabi” nayo akumira ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru kuko abanyamakuru batara kandi bagatangaza inkuru ku mpamvu z’inyungu rusange, ko biramutse bibayeho ko umunyamukuru abikora ku bw’inabi yabibazwa n’inkiko mbonezamubano aho kuba inkiko nshinjabyaha.

[55]           Akamaro ko kugira ingingo zirengera imibereho bwite y’abantu mu mategeko mpanabyaha kasobanuwe bihagije haruguru kandi byagaragajwe ko uretse kuba atari umwihariko w’u Rwanda, ntaho binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Ikibazo cy’amagambo “ku bw’inabi” n’icyo kumenya niba ayo magambo ari ngombwa mu ngingo ya 156 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru.

[56]           Urukiko rurasanga amagambo “ku bw’inabi” ariyo agaragaza ubushake bwo gukora icyaha (élément moral/intent), umushingamategeko akaba yarashyize ubwo bushake ku rwego rwo hejuru (dol spécial/special intent). Aya magambo ashyira inshingano ku Bushinjacyaha zo kugaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho (beyond reasonable doubt) ko ibikorwa bibujijwe n’itegeko byakozwe hagambiriwe ikibi. Yongera kandi impamvu zatuma ibyo bikorwa bidahanwa hashingiwe kuri iyi ngingo iyo kumviriza, gufata, gutangaza cyangwa gusakaza amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite byakozwe ku bw’impanuka cyangwa nta kibi kigambiriwe. Kuyavana muri iyo ngingo byakongera rero ubugari bwayo, ingaruka zabyo zikaba no kuyishingiraho hahanwa abakoze ibyo bikorwa ku bw’impanuka cyangwa abatari bagambiriye ikibi, harimo n’ababikoze mu nyungu rusange. Ibi ahubwo nibyo byaba binyuranyije n’uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[57]              Urukiko rurasanga kandi amagambo “ku bw’inabi” ahubwo aha akarusho Itegeko ry’u Rwanda mu kurengera ababa bakurikiranyweho kutubahiriza ingingo ya 156 kuko ihana uwakoze ibikorwa biyivugwamo atabanje guhabwa uruhushya n’abo bireba, kandi akabikora agamije kugira nabi. Ingingo ya 226- 1 y’Itegeko Mpanabyaha ry’ubufaransa Me MBONIGABA Eulade, uburanira Leta, yibukije haruguru, nayo igaragaza ko ari ngombwa kwita ku cyo uwumvirije, uwafashe, uwatangaje cyangwa uwasakaje amafoto, amajwi, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite yari agambiriye. Iyo ngingo igira iti: “Est puni d’un an d’emprisonnement et de 45.000 Euros d’amende le fait, au moyen d’un procédé quelconque, volontairement de porter atteinte à l’intimité de la vie privée d’autrui…”[48] Ndetse n’ingingo ya 162.1. (1) y’Itegeko Mpanabyaha rya Canada nayo igaragaza ko ari ngombwa ko ukurikiranweho icyo cyaha aba yagikoze abizi. Igira iti: “Quiconque sciemment publie, distribue, transmet, vend ou rend accessible une image intime d’une personne, ou en fait la publicité, sachant que cette personne n’y a pas consenti ou sans se soucier de savoir si elle y a consenti ou non, est coupable …”[49]

[58]           Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 156, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru rihanisha “igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano” uwahamijwe ibyaha byavuzwe mu gika cya mbere cyangwa uwifashishije uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose agasakaza ku bw’inabi, ifoto, amajwi amashusho, ifatamajwi cyangwa inyandiko yabonye hakoreshejwe igikorwa kimwe mu bivugwa mu gika cya mbere nk’uko biteganywa n’igika cya gatatu cy’iyo ngingo.

[59]           Ku bijyanye n’ibihano biteganywa n’iyo ngingo, Urukiko rurasanga Komisiyo Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ubwo yasuzumaga ikibazo cyari hagati ya Constitutional Rights Project na Nigeria, yarasanze iyo impamvu irengerwa ikenewe kandi yumvikana, ikigomba gusuzumwa ari ukureba niba ingamba zashyizweho ziri mu rugero rukwiye (proportional). Yabivuze neza muri aya magambo:

“The only legitimate reason(s) for limitations of the rights and freedoms of the African Charter are … is that the rights of the Charter ‘shall be exercised with due regard to the rights of others, collective security, morality and common interest. The justification for limitation must be strictly proportionate with and absolutely necessary for the advantages which follow. Most important, a limitation may not erode a right such that the right itself becomes illusory.”[50]

[60]           Urukiko rurasanga ibihano biteganyijwe n’ingingo ya 156, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru biri mu rugero rukwiye ugereranyije n’uburenganzira burengerwa, byongeye kandi iyo ngingo iteganya ko inkiko zidasabwa byanze bikunze gukomatanya igihano cy’igifungo n’icy’ihazabu. Ibi byumvikanisha na none ko icyo gice cy’ibihano kiri muri iyo ngingo kidahindura imburamumaro (illusory/illusoire) uburenganzira ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[61]           Ku birebana n’ibyo BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko kwemeza ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano inyuranyije n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga byatuma abanyamakuru boroherwa gukora mu buryo bwa investigative cyangwa under cover journalism, Urukiko rurasanga ntaho ingingo iregerwa ibuza abanyamakuru kwiyambaza ubwo buryo. Ikibujijwe ni ukwinjira mu imibereho bwite y’abantu kandi ku bw’inabi. Ahubwo bigaragarira Urukiko ko ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iteganya ko “umunyamakuru afite uburenganzira busesuye bwo kugera aho ari ho hose yakura inkuru, ubwo guperereza mu bwisanzure ku bintu birebana n’imigendekere y’Igihugu, kandi akanabitangaza hubahirizwa ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko n’andi mategeko.” Uburenganzira busesuye bwo kugera aho ariho hose no gukora iperereza mu bwisanzure bivuze ko inkuru ishobora no gukorwa mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose, umunyamakuru akaba adakwiye kurenga imbibi yemererwa n’amategeko.

[62]           Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015.

II. 2. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[63]           [63]. BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko akazi k’umunyamakuru gashingiye kuri editing, mu nkuru zicukumbuye bikaba byasaba ko umunyamakuru yitarura amategeko asanzwe kandi ko ibimenyetso bishingiye ku nkuru yataye bishobora kwifashishwa n’izindi nzego harimo n’iz’ubutabera. Avuga ko ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ifata umunyamakuru nk’umuntu uwo ariwe wese bigatuma ihonyora ubwisanzure bwe. Asobanura ko mu gihe cyo gukora inkuru,            umunyamakuru           ashobora          kuyihindura (editing/interpretation/analyze), guhindura amashusho, ifoto cyangwa kwifashisha ibishushanyo byo mu bwoko bwa caricature kugira ngo inyure abo igenewe cyangwa bayumve vuba kuko ashobora gushyiramo urwenya cyangwa agakabiriza bimwe mu biranga umuntu nk’ikigereranyo cy’igitekerezo.

[64]           Asobanura ko ikinyamakuru cyitwa Charlie Hebdo cyo mu Bufaransa kimaze imyaka 200 gikoresha caricature nk’uburyo bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo, bityo kuba ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ihana umuntu wese harimo n’abanyamakuru bihabanye n’ibiteganyijwe n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko bibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose umunyamakuru yakoresha mu mwuga we.

[65]           Avuga ko uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo mu buryo bwa caricature bwemejwe n’inkiko z’ahandi nk’aho mu rubanza Charlie Hebdo yarezwemo na Société des Habous des Lieux Saints de l’Islam na l’Union des Organisations Islamiques de France kuba icyo kinyamakuru cyaratutse abayoboke b’idini rya Islam kuko cyashushanyije Intumwa Muhamed, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwa Paris, rusanga ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru butagarukira gusa ku nkuru zishimishije, ahubwo ko bureba n’inkuru zaciye igikuba, zagize abo zibangamira cyangwa ziteye inkeke,[51] bityo ko ibishushanyo (caricature), rimwe na rimwe bikorwa nkana mu rwego rwo gusembura ibiganiro mu bantu, ko niyo ibyo bishushanyo byaba ubwabyo biteye impaka, bikwiye kumvikana nk’ibitanga umusanzu mu bwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ibyiyumviro bifitiye akamaro inyungu rusange.

[66]           Me MUSORE Gakunzi Valéry, umwunganira, avuga ko guhana umunyamakuru watangaje amagambo cyangwa amashusho binyuranye n’uko byafashwe ari ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kandi atari ngombwa mu Rwanda nk’Igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi, bityo ko ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Asobanura ko iyo harebwe uburyo itangazamakuru rikorwa n’uburyo abanyamakuru bakora ubusesenguzi, bagabanya iminota y’ibiganiro bakoranye n’abo babajije, cyangwa bahindura amafoto, ubwabyo bitakagombye kuba icyaha. Avuga ko ikinyamakuru cya Charlie Hebdo gishimisha abantu ku isi hose kubera ibishushanyo byacyo, urwo akaba ari urugero u Rwanda rwagenderaho kuko atari ikirwa kandi ko nta kibuza ko ibibera ahandi bibera no mu Rwanda. Avuga ko habaye hari udashimishwa n’imikorere y’umunyamakuru, yagombye kuregera inkiko mbonezamubano akabisabira indishyi.

[67]           Me MBONIGABA Eulade, uburanira Leta y’u Rwanda, avuga ko ntaho ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ibuza gukora editing, interpretation cyangwa analyse, ko ikibujijwe ari ukubikora ku bw’inabi cyangwa gukora editing ntugaragaraze ko ibyo wakoze ari editing bikaba byatuma abantu bakeka ko ibyakozwe n’umunyamakuru ari umwimerere. Avuga ko akamaro k’iyi ngingo ari ugukumira abantu bashobora guhindura inkuru, abaturage bakagira ngo iyo bahawe niyo y’ukuri. Atanga urugero rw’amajwi yafashwe Apotre Gitwaza Paul aho yitiriwe kuba yaravuze ko abadasengera mu itorero rye batazajya mu ijuru, ko iyo umuturage abifashe atyo yibwira ko aribyo, nyamara uwabikoze yari agambiriye inabi, bityo akaba ari ngombwa ko umunyamakuru aba yiteguye kugaragaza umwimerere iyo bibaye ngombwa.

[68]           Avuga kandi ko imikorere y’ikinyamakuru Charlie Hebdo atariyo yashingirwaho mu gushyiraho amategeko y’u Rwanda, bityo ibyo BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryibukijwe haruguru ibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, nta shingiro bifite kuko ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko ubwo bwisanzure bufite aho bugarukira, bivuze ko iyo umunyamakuru akoze ibyo atemerewe, nta kibuza ko, nk’undi wese, abihanirwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[69]           Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga yibukijwe haruguru ishyiraho ihame ry’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Icyakora ubwo bwisanzure ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, ukurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Uburyo bushyirwa mu bikorwa ndetse bwubahirizwa biteganywa n’amategeko.

[70]           Ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga ko “Umuntu wese utangaza ku bw’inabi hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, amagambo yahinduwe agatangazwa uko atavuzwe cyangwa amashusho n’amafoto by’umuntu byagaragajwe uko bitafashwe, ntagaragaze ko binyuranyije n’uko byafashwe, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’Urukiko ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw).”

[71]           Ingingo imaze kuvugwa ireba uwo ari we wese watangaje amagambo, amafoto cyangwa amashusho azi ko binyuranyije n’umwimerere wabyo ntagaragarize ababitangarijwe ko ibyatangajwe byahinduwe. Mu yandi magambo, iyi ngingo ihana ikinyoma cy’uwatangaje amagambo, amafoto cyangwa amashusho byagaragajwe uko bitari, rubanda cyangwa ababitangarijwe bagafata ko ari umwimerere nyamara ataribyo. Uhanwa ariko ni uwabikoze ku bw’inabi.

[72]           BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko umunyamakuru adakwiye gufatwa nk’ “umuntu wese” uvugwa mu ngingo ya 157. Igisobanuro cy’umunyamakuru gitangwa n’ingingo ya 2, agace ka 19, y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru igira iti: “umunyamakuru w’umwuga (ni) umuntu ufite ubumenyishingiro mu by’itangazamakuru kandi akora itangazamakuru nk’umurimo we w’ibanze. Agomba kuba akora nibura umwe mu mirimo ikurikira: a. gutara inkuru, b. kunononsora inkuru, c. gutangaza inkuru mu gitangazamakuru iki n’iki agamije gukwirakwiza amakuru cyangwa ibitekerezo muri rubanda.” Amagambo “umunyamakuru w’umwuga” Umushingamategeko yakoresheje yumvikanisha ko bishoboka ko hanabaho umunyamakuru utari uw’umwuga, uwo akaba ari utujuje kimwe cyangwa byinshi mu bisabwa n’ingingo imaze kuvugwa nko kuba atarize iby’itangazamakuru cyangwa kuba itangazamakuru atariwo murimo we w’ibanze.

[73]           Urukiko rurasanga hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, gukora itangazamakuru, waba wikorera, ukorera ikigo cy’itangazamakuru cyemewe cyangwa uhagarariye igitangazamakuru cy’amahanga bisaba uburenganzira butangwa n’Urwego rw’Abanyamakuru Bigenzura cyangwa urundi rwego rubifitiye ububasha iyo uri umunyamahanga.

[74]              Ihame rya kabiri mu mahame ngengamyitwarire y’umwuga w’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda yo ku wa 05/04/2014 rigira riti: “Umunyamakuru yirinda ibinyoma. Afite inshingano yo gutangaza uko ibintu byagenze, agashakisha ukuri, kandi azirikana ko rubanda rufite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa amakuru y’impamo. Ntakwiye kwirengagiza amakuru y’ingenzi cyangwa ngo ahindure amagambo yavuzwe cyangwa inyandiko izo arizo zose.”[52]

[75]              Urukiko rurasanga mu rubanza Couderc na Hachette Filipacchi Associés baburanaga n’Ubufaransa, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwarasanze amahame y’imyitwarire ndetse n’inshingano z’abanyamakuru aribyo bigena uburyo bakora umwuga wabo. Rusanga amahame y’imyitwarire ategeka abanyamakuru gusohoza inshingano zabo ku neza, bashingiye ku bintu bifatika kandi by’ukuri, ndetse bagatangaza n’inkuru zizewe kandi zitarimo urujijo. Rwasanze kandi gukora kinyamwuga bivuze ko umunyamakuru agomba kubaha uburyo yabonyemo inkuru, ntateshe agaciro uwo akoraho inkuru. Rusanga inkuru irimo ikinyoma cyangwa ukuri kwayo kwatubijwe hagambiriwe kubeshya abo igenewe igabanya cyane umusanzu w’itangazamakuru ku biganiro bigamije inyungu rusange.[53]

[76]         Uru Rukiko rurasanga nk’uko byibukijwe haruguru ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru atari ndakumirwa, kimwe mu bibukumira harimo agaciro n’icyubahiro by’umuntu bibuza uwo ari we wese harimo n’umunyamakuru gukora ikintu icyo aricyo cyose agambiriye gutesha agaciro cyangwa kwambura umuntu icyubahiro. Ubwo bwisanzure bushobora gukumirwa kandi n’inyungu yo kurengera umuntu wabeshyerwa, akaba yabiryozwa biturutse ku kuba imvugo, amafoto cyangwa amashusho bye byatangajwe mu buryo budahuye n’ukuri. Ku bireba ibishushanyo bya caricature, BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko nabyo birebwa n’ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, uru Rukiko rwemeranya n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu aho rwavuze ko ibishushanyo byo mu bwoko bwa caricature, n’ubwo nabyo biri mu buryo bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo, ubwabyo n’amagambo abiherekeje bigengwa n’amahame y’ubunyamwuga bw’itangazamakuru, bityo bikaba bitagomba kurengera ngo byinjire mu mibereho bwite y’uwashushanyijwe cyangwa bimwandagaze.[54]

[77]              Uru Rukiko rurasanga n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada rwaragarutse ku nshingano z’abanyamakuru ku gukora kinyamwuga, aho mu rubanza Grant yaburanaga na Torstar Corporation, rwagize ruti: “Ubwisanzure ntibuvanaho inshingano. Ni ngombwa ko ibinyamakuru bikora inshingano zabyo bizi ko bishobora kubibazwa kugira ngo biharanire gukora uko bishoboye ngo byubahirize amahame y’umwuga w’itangazamakuru.”[55]

[78]           Mu gitabo cyitwa Style Book: Bestselling Guide for Writing and Editing cyanditswe na The Canadian Press, havugwamo ko amafoto buri gihe agomba kuvugisha ukuri, akagaragaza ibyo uwayafashe yabonye, ko ifoto ishobora gukosorwa hifashishijwe uburyo butandukanye bwa burning, dodging, colour balancing na cropping ariko ko ukosora agomba kwirinda gukabya kuko mu mwuga w’itangazamakuru bitemewe gufata iby’ingenzi ku ifoto ngo biburizwemo n’ibidafite umumaro, bityo ko gukosora bigarukira gusa ku koza hagamijwe kuvanaho umukungugu, ibishwarature n’utundi tuntu duto, naho guhuza amabara bigakorwa ku buryo bworoheje cyane hirindwa guhindura umwimerere w’ifoto.[56]Ibyo The Canadian Press ivuga ku mafoto nta mpamvu bitakoreshwa no ku magambo cyangwa amashusho, byose byumvikanisha ko umunyamakuru utangaje ifoto, imvugo cyangwa amashusho yahinduye ntabigaragaze, aba anyuranyije n’amahame amaze kuvugwa kuko aba ashaka kugaragaza ko ibyo yatangaje ari umwimerere kandi ataribyo.

[79]           Urukiko rurasanga ikibazo cyo kutagaragaza ibyo inkuru ishingiyeho byaba byahinduwe cyangwa bitahinduwe, gishingiye ahanini ku bunyangamugayo bw’umunyamakuru. Byongeye kandi, ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ntirengera gusa nyiri ifoto, amagambo cyangwa amashusho byatangajwe bimaze guhindurwa, uwabitangaje ntagaragaze ko bitandukanye n’umwimerere. Iyo ngingo ikumira ahubwo ikibi uwabihinduye yari agambiriye gishobora kugira ingaruka zirenze nyiri ifoto, amagambo cyangwa amashusho byahinduwe uwabihinduye ntavuge ko bitandukanye n’umwimerere. Amagambo “ku bw’inabi” yakoreshejwe n’umushingamategeko areba ikibi cyari kigambiriwe n’uwatangaje ifoto, amagambo cyangwa amashusho.

[80]           Buri burenganzira bwa muntu bufite akamaro kabwo, buri bumwe bugamije kwimakaza no kubaha agaciro ka muntu. Nta burenganzira bwa muntu rero bugomba kuniga ubundi ngo bububurizemo, ahubwo bwose bugomba guhuriza hamwe (synergie) kugira ngo agaciro ka muntu kagire ireme. Ibi byumvikanisha ko kuba buri wese, harimo n’umunyamakuru, asabwa kugaragaza ko imvugo, ifoto cyangwa amashusho yatangaje bitandukanye n’umwimerere kandi agasabwa ku bikora ku bw’ineza, atari byo byafatwa ko bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru. Byongeye kandi, gusaba umunyamakuru kurangwa n’ubunyangamugayo no gukora kinyamwuga, ntagire ibyo akora agamije ikibi ndetse n’ibyo yahinduriye umwimerere akabigaragaza, ntaho bibangamiye demokarasi cyangwa iby’ibanze byatuma demokarasi ubwayo cyangwa abaturage batera imbere.

[81]         Ibimaze kuvugwa bigaragaza ko ibyo Byansi Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavugisha urubanza Handyside yaburanaga n’Ubwongereza ataribyo, kuko ahubwo muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi rwasanze uwo ari we wese ushyira mu bikorwa ubwisanzure bwe bw’itangazamakuru aba yemeye n’umutwaro ndetse n’inshingano zijyana nabyo. Rwanasobanuye ko uburenganzira bwe buzitirwa n’uburyo ibintu byifashe ndetse n’ibikoresho yahisemo kwiyambaza, ko ndetse Urukiko rutakwirengagiza uwo mutwaro n’izo nshingano mu gihe cyo gusuzuma niba imbibi n’ibihano byashyizweho ari ngombwa mu kwimakaza uburere mbonezabupfura mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi.[57]

[82]           Urukiko rurasanga kandi uburenganzira burengerwa n’ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko Nshinga ari bumwe mu burenganzira ku mibereho bwite, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo rikaba ribanzirizwa n’ikirego cya nyiri ifoto, amagambo cyangwa amashusho nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 162 y’iryo Tegeko. Bivuze ko mu gihe nyirabyo atatanze ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha butemerewe kumusimbura ngo bwibwirize kugitanga. Ibi bituma hatangwa ibirego ba nyiri ifoto, amagambo cyangwa amashusho byatangajwe bimaze guhindurwa bifuje ko bikurikiranwa gusa, nabyo akaba ari inkomyi iburizamo ibirego bitari ngombwa.

[83]           Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

II.3. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo za 15 na 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga.

[84]           [84]. BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kuko abanyamakuru ubwabo nta makuru bagira, ko bayakura mu bantu bashobora kubabwiza ukuri cyangwa kubabeshya. Asobanura ko ubundi itangazamakuru ricukumbuye (investigative journalism) ari ryo rifasha abanyamakuru gusuzuma niba ibyo babwiwe ari impamo, bityo umunyamakuru akaba adakwiye guhanirwa kuba yatangaje inkuru, nyuma bikagaragara ko atari impamo. Avuga ko mu mwuga wabo iyo bigaragaye ko hakozwe amakosa, umunyamakuru ahanishwa gusiba inkuru cyangwa kuyisubiramo, akaba asanga ibyo bihagije.

[85]              [85]. Me RURAMIRA Bizimana Zébédée, umwunganira, avuga ko guhanirwa inkuru yatangajwe bikaza kugaragara ko atari impamo binyuranyije n’amategeko. Asobanura ko amagambo “umuntu wese” atangira ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange anyuranyije n’ibitegaywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko nta mwihariko iha umunyamakuru, ndetse ko inirengagiza ko inshingano z’umunyamakuru ari ugutanga ibitekerezo rimwe na rimwe bidashobora kwakirwa kimwe n’abantu bose. Avuga ko umunyamakuru atangaza inkuru yizeye ko ari ukuri bitewe n’aho yayikuye ariko ko nyuma bishobora kugaragara ko ya nkuru yari ikinyoma, kubihanirwa bikaba bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rw’Ubufaransa ubwo rwasesenguraga ingingo ya 10 y’Amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, rwasanze gutangaza inkuru itari impamo nta cyaha kirimo,[58]bityo umunyamakuru utangaje inkuru itariyo akaba ahubwo yasabwa kuyigorora, kuyikosora cyangwa uwayikozweho agahabwa umwanya wo gusubiza nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 21 y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo kuwa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru.[59]

[86]           Naho ku bijyanye n’icengezamatwara, asobanura ko ntawe ukwiye kurihanirwa mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi, ko mu bihugu nk’Ubufaransa, umunyamakuru ashobora kwandika agaragaza ko ashyigikiye ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi ntafatwe nk’uwangishije abaturage Leta. Avuga ko mu gihe ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ndetse ikaba iha umwihariko ibijyanye no kugaragaza no guhabwa amakuru, andi mategeko nayo akwiye guha umwihariko umunyamakuru ndetse akamurinda. Avuga ko iyo bitabaye ibyo, biba binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, kuri we iyo ngingo ikaba ibuza umunyamakuru gutangaza ibitekerezo mu bwisanzure.

[87]           Avuga ko ntaho itegeko risobanura ijambo “icengezamatwara”, ibi bikaba byatuma urubanza rucibwa ku buryo bugenekereje nyamara bibuzwa n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Atanga ingero z’abashakashatsi[60] n’inkiko z’ahandi,[61] aho bahuriza ku kuba ijambo icengezamatwara ari rigari, rikaba risobanura uburyo butandukanye bwo gutanga ibitekerezo buhinduka bitewe n’ibigize inkuru, uburyo isobanurwa, uburyo yatangajwe ndetse n’ingaruka zayo.

[88]              Avuga ko mu rubanza Sabuncu n’abandi baburanaga na Turikiya, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwaregewe n’abanyamakuru bo muri Turikiya bavugaga ko Ubushinjacyaha bubaryoza inkuru yabo bwitiriraga gutiza umurindi imitwe ya politiki irimo n’uwitwa PKK irwanya Leta. Asobanura ko icyo gihe bafunzwe bazizwa gucengeza amatwara (propaganda) y’iyo mitwe, noneho batanga ikirego bagamije kunenga igihugu cyabo kuba cyarahisemo kubafunga aho kwiyambaza itangazamakuru kigasubiza ibitekerezo by’abakinengaga, kuri bo ibyo bikaba byari bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru. Asobanura ko urwo Rukiko rwasanze koko gufunga umunyamakuru by’agateganyo kubera umwuga we ari ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru.[62]

[89]           Me MUSORE Gakunzi Valéry nawe uburanira BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko hari amahame y’ingenzi agomba kwitabwaho mbere yo kwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru harimo no kubanza kureba niba koko mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi ari ngombwa kwivanga muri ubwo bwisanzure no gusuzuma niba ikigenderewe nta bundi buryo cyagerwaho. Avuga ko Urukiko, mu bushishozi bwarwo, rugomba gusuzuma niba uburyo inkuru yakozwemo bunyuranyije n’amategeko no gusuzuma niba ibangamiye rubanda, bityo umunyamakuru akaba atahanishwa gufungwa biturutse ku kuba hari ibyo yanenze, ko ahubwo habaye hakozwe amakosa, yakosorwa binyuze mu nzira ziteganywa n’Itegeko rigenga abanyamakuru cyangwa amategeko mbonezamubano.

[90]           BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira basoza bavuga ko basaba uru Rukiko gushingira ku bisobanuro batanze rukemeza ko ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga.

[91]           Me MBONIGABA Eulade, Uburanira Leta y’u Rwanda, avuga ko impungenge z’uko umunyamakuru yahanirwa inkuru yakoze nta shingiro zifite kubera ko iyo inkuru ikozwe neza igatangazwa ndetse umunyamakuru akagaragaza aho yayikuye biba bigaragara ko nta bushake yagize bwo gutangaza ibihuha bityo akaba atabihanirwa kuko uburyozwe bw’amakosa ari gatozi. Asobanura ko umunyamakuru asabwa kumenya niba inkuru ntacyo itwaye kandi akaba azi ko kuba afite aho ayikomora bitamuvanaho inshingano z’ubushishozi ku buryo nk’umuntu ufite uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iyo abonye iyo nkuru yakwangiza, akwiye kureka kuyitangaza. Asobanura ko mu byo dukora byose iyo habayeho ubuteganye buke cyangwa kudashishoza, nyirabayazana yirengera ingaruka zabyo. Avuga ko ibyo abanyamakuru batangaje rubanda ibifata nk’ukuri, akaba asanga uru Rukiko rukwiye gushimangira ko nta tegeko rihari ritegeka umunyamakuru gutangaza inkuru yose yabonye, bityo rukemeza ko asabwa ubushishozi mu nshingano ze.

[92]           Avuga kandi ko ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ireba abantu bose, ikaba ishyira mu bikorwa ihame riteganywa n’Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, bityo ikaba nta mwihariko ikwiye gutanga ku munyamakuru cyangwa ku wundi uwo ari we wese kuko ibyo iteganya bigamije kurengera ubusugire bw’u Rwanda n’umudendezo wa rubanda. Avuga ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru budasobanura kuvuga ibitemewe, ko ahubwo ubwisanzure, kugaragaza ibitekerezo no guhabwa amakuru bikwiye kuba byemewe n’amategeko yose y’igihugu nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 41 y’Itegeko Nshinga[63] ndetse n’iya 9 igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru.

[93]           Asobanura ko ingingo ya 38 igika cya 2, y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya irengayobora (exception) aho ivuga ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda, imyifatire mbonezabupfura, no kutivanga mu mibereho bwite y’umuntu n’iy’umuryango we, ibyo bikaba bihura n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe, bityo ko iyi ngingo itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga kandi ko ntaho ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga ibuza umunyamakuru gutangaza inkuru icukumbuye, ko ahubwo ibuza gutangaza ibinyoma cyangwa amakuru abonye yose hatitawe ku ho yaba yabikuye, ko n’ubwo ingingo ya 21 n’iya 22 z’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru zigaruka ku bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba gukosora, gusubiza cyangwa kugorora inyandiko cyangwa inkuru yatangajwe mu gitangazamakuru, ubwo busabe n’iryo kosora bidakuraho ibibazo cyangwa ingorane byatewe n’ayo makuru atariyo yari yatangajwe, bityo ko ntacyo gukosora byamara mu gihe umudendezo wa rubanda wahungabanye.

[94]           Me MBONIGABA Eulade akomeza avuga ko ingingo iregwa ko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko icengezamatwara rihanirwa ari irigamije kwangisha rubanda Leta y’u Rwanda cyangwa iryatera cyangwa rishobora gutera rubanda cyangwa amahanga kwanga Leta y’u Rwanda, bityo ko iryo jambo atari ngombwa kurishakira ibindi bisobanuro hisunzwe abahanga cyangwa imanza zaciriwe mu mahanga. Yongeraho ko niyo icyaha giteganywa n’iyo ngingo cyakoroshywa, bitaba bireba umunyamakuru kubera ingaruka z’inkuru yatangaje, kuko abenshi bazifata nk’ukuri bitewe n’uko abo zigenewe baba bumva yakoze ubushakashatsi bucukumbuye, bigatuma izo nkuru zisomwa ndetse zikanumvwa na benshi.

[95]           Avuga ko n’amategeko mpuzamahanga ashyira imbibi ku burenganzira bwa buri wese, urugero akaba ari ingingo ya 19, igika cya 2, y’Amasezeramo mpuzamahanaga yerekeranye n’uburenganzira mbonezamubano n’ubwa politiki ivuga ko buri muntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo gushaka no gukwirakwiza amakuru n’ibitekerezo mu buryo yihitiyemo, ariko ubwo burenganzira bukagarukira ku gaciro n’icyubahiro by’abandi hashingiwe ku mategeko ya buri gihugu[64] naho ingingo ya 9 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage igateganya ko buri muntu wese yemerewe kuvuga no gutangaza ibitekerezo bye atarenze imbibi z’amategeko n’amabwiriza biriho, bikaba byumvikana ko n’umunyamakuru adafite uburenganzira bwo gutangaza inkuru cyangwa inyandiko abonye zose.[65] Asoza asaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko ntaho ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[96]           Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga igira iti: “Abantu bose barareshya imbere y’amategeko. Itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe.”

[97]           Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga yibukijwe haruguru ishyiraho ihame ry’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Icyakora ubwo bwisanzure ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, ukurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Uburyo bushyirwa mu bikorwa ndetse bwubahirizwa biteganywa n’amategeko.

[98]           Ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko: “Umuntu wese ukwiza amakuru atari yo cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha rubanda Leta y’u Rwanda cyangwa ayo makuru cyangwa icengezamatwara byatera cyangwa bishobora gutera rubanda cyangwa amahanga kwanga Leta y’u Rwanda, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamije n’urukiko, ahanishwa, mu gihe cy’intambara, igifungo cya burundu. Mu gihe cy’amahoro, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka irindwi (7) ariko kitarenze imyaka icumi (10).”

[99]           Ingingo ya 194 ihana “umuntu wese” wakwije amakuru y’ibinyoma cyangwa icengezamatwara:

                                i.            bigamije kwangisha rubanda Leta y’u Rwanda

                              ii.            byatera cyangwa bishobora gutera rubanda cyangwa amahanga kwanga Leta y’u Rwanda.

Mu yandi magambo igihanwa n’iyi ngingo si inkuru y’ikinyoma cyangwa icengezamatwara ubwabyo ahubwo ni ikigenderewe n’uwakwije amakuru yo kwangisha abaturage Leta cyangwa ingaruka ayo makuru yagize cyangwa ashobora kugira mu mibanire abaturage cyangwa amahanga bafitanye na Leta y’u Rwanda.

[100]       Urukiko rurasanga ikindi kigaragazwa n’iyi ngingo ari uko ivuga “gukwiza amakuru atariyo”, ayo magambo akaba atakwitiranywa no “gutangaza inkuru itariyo”. Nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 2, agace ka munani, y’Itegeko n° 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, “inkuru ni inyandiko, amajwi, amashusho cyangwa amajwi n’amashusho bikozwe mu rwego rw’itangazamakuru”. Gukwiza amakuru byumvikanisha ko ari ihererekanya ry’amakuru mu bantu benshi cyangwa muri rubanda ridakozwe kinyamwuga.

[101]           BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko mu ngingo ya 194 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, umunyamakuru atari akwiye kwitiranywa n’umuntu wese, ko kuba itegeko rimwitiranya n’undi uwo ari we wese binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ishyiraho uburenganzira bwo kureshya umbere y’amategeko. Icyakora ntibagaragaza uburyo amagambo “umuntu wese” atera ubusumbane. Ahubwo bigaragarira Urukiko ko ayo magambo areshyeshya abantu bose baba abanyarwanda cyangwa abanyamahanga batubahirije ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo. Kuvangura abanyamakuru mu bandi bashobora gukora ibyaha nkabo nta mpamvu zifatika zagaragajwe nibyo ahubwo byatuma iyo ngingo iba inyuranyije n’iya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Uru Rukiko rwabigarutseho mu rubanza rwa Uwinkindi Jean aho rwibukije ko “gushyira abantu mu byiciro bigomba gukorwa hagamijwe kugera ku ntego yumvikana, igaragarira buri wese kandi ishingiye ku mategeko kandi ibyashingiweho bikaba bifite ireme mu nyungu rusange.”[66]

[102]       Urukiko rurasanga kandi icyo ingingo igamije atari uguhana ikinyoma cyangwa icengezamatwara ubwabyo nk’uko BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira babivuga. Amagambo “bigamije/with intent to/avec l’intention de” agaragaza ko icyaha kibaho iyo amakuru y’ibinyoma cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha abaturage Leta, byatera cyangwa byashobora gutera abaturage cyangwa amahanga kwanga Leta. Ikigenderewe (mobile) n’uwakwije ayo makuru cyangwa iryo cengezamatwara nicyo itegeko rishaka guhashya. Ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ntabwo ireba amakuru y’ibinyoma cyangwa icengezamatwara byakwijwe n’umuntu utagamije kwangisha abaturage Leta cyangwa bitarimo ikintu cyaherwaho n’abaturage cyangwa amahanga banga Leta.

[103]       Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba guhana abantu bangisha u Rwanda mu baturage cyangwa mu mahanga bifashishije amakuru atari ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 9 y’ Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iha abanyamakuru inshingano zo kutabangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda, naho ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko n° 04/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 ryerekeye kubona amakuru ibuza abanyamakuru gutangaza inkuru, kabone n’ubwo yaba itari iy’ikinyoma ishobora guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu ndetse no kubangamira iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko cyangwa ubutabera. Izi ngingo zivuze na none ko umutekano w’igihugu, iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko n’ubutabera ari bimwe mu mbibi ku burenganzira buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[104]    Urukiko rurasanga BYANSI Samuel   Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko u Rwanda rukwiye gufatira urugero ku bindi bihugu harimo n’Ubufaransa kuko ho umunyamakuru ashobora kuba ari mu ishyaka ritari ku butegetsi agakora inkuru itavuga neza ubutegetsi ariko ntakurikiranwe. Nyamara, nk’uko byibukijwe haruguru, icyaha ntigishingiye ku nkuru yaba iy’ukuri cyangwa itari iy’ukuri, ahubwo gishingiye ku makuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha cyangwa bifite ubushobozi bwo kwangisha Leta muri rubanda cyangwa mu mahanga. Kuva ku wa 29/07/1881, Ubufaransa bwashyizeho Itegeko rihana icyitwa “délit de fausse nouvelle”, iryo Tegeko ryaje kuvugururwa ku wa 06/05/1944 hongerwamo impamvu nkomezacyaha, ubwa nyuma ryavuguruwe akaba ari ku wa 19/09/2000.[67] Muri rusange, iryo tegeko rihana amakuru atari ay’ukuri, yaba yahimbwe cyangwa atahimbwe yahungabanyije cyangwa ashobora guhungabanya umutekano rusange.[68] Rihana kandi uwakwije ayo makuru ku nabi bigatera imyitwarire mibi mu ngabo, bikazica intege cyangwa bikabangamira ubufasha buhabwa igihugu mu gihe cy’intambara.[69] Ubufaransa bwarenze n’ibyo amategeko yavuzwe haruguru yateganyaga, bushyiriraho ibihano abantu babeshya ko hari igikorwa cy’iterabwoba kigiye kuba,[70] cyangwa abakwiza ibinyoma bagamije guzamura cyangwa kumanura agaciro k’amadevize.[71] Nanone kandi, icyaha cyo gukwiza amakuru y’ibinyoma bigamijwe cyangwa bishobora gutuma abaturage batubahiriza amategeko y’igihugu, bacika intege cyangwa hagamijwe gutesha agaciro inzego za Leta gihanwa n’ingingo ya 255 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahano cya Sénégal.[72]

[105]    Urukiko rurasanga gukwiza amakuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha Leta bisenya demokarasi, bitafatwa rero nk’ibigize ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwo bugamije kubaka igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi. N’ubwo kandi intego yo gukumira ikwirakwiza bene ayo makuru cyangwa icengezamatwara yagerwaho hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada rwasobanuye ko ari iby’ingenzi cyane kwiyambaza amategeko y’ubwoko bwinshi ngo hagaragazwe ko bitemewe ndetse bice intege abantu baba bifuza kubyishoramo.[73] Umuhanga William Schabas nawe asobanura ko kuva amasezerano mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu yajyaho, hashyizweho ingamba zibuza icengezamatwara cyana cyane y’ubuhezanguni[74]. Mu rubanza rwa James Keegstra, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada rwasobanuye ko impamvu umushingamategeko yateganyije guhana icengezamatwara rigamije ikibi zihagije kugira ngo zikumire ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru. Rwasanze icengezamatwara rigamije ikibi ntacyo rimariye Canada n’abanya Canada haba mu gushakisha ukuri, mu kwiteza imbere cyangwa mu kubaka no gushyigikira demokarasi ishikamye kandi igizwemo uruhare na bose.[75]

[106]           Uyu murongo kandi wongeye kugarukwaho n’Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu rubanza SÜREK yaburagana na Turikiya. Urwo rubanza rukomoka ku kuba SÜREK yari yatangaje mu kinyamakuru inkuru zinenga ibikorwa by’igisirikare cya Leta mu kurwanya inyeshyamba za PKK,[76] ndetse n’ibikorwa by’inzego za Leta mu kurwanya abatavuga rumwe nayo. Urukiko rwasanze n’ubwo ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari ingenzi mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi ndetse bukaba bunarengera inkuru n’ibitekerezo bidashimishije cyangwa biteye inkeke, kuba SÜREK yarahanwe byari bifite ishingiro kuko byari bigamije kurengera inyungu zikomeye z’igihugu.[77]

[107]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange irengera inyungu zifatika kandi zumvikana z’ituze rusange n’umutekano w’igihugu, bityo uru Rukiko narwo rukaba rubona ko ari irengayobora ry’ingenzi kandi riri mu rugero rukwiye k’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, ariyo mpamvu iyo ngingo itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

II.3. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga.

[108]       BYANSI Samuel Baker avuga ko nta mpamvu ihari yatuma abayobozi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange badakorwaho inkuru mu bwisanzure. Me MUSORE Gakunzi Valéry na Me RURAMIRA Bizimana Zébédée bamwunganira bavuga ko ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo bisubiza inyuma intambwe igihugu cyari kigezeho mu bijyanye no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu kuko izana ivangura, ikabangamira ubwisanzure bwo gutara no gutangaza amakuru n’ubwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Basobanura ko n’ubwo gusebanya no gukoza isoni umuntu uwo ariwe wese bidakwiye gushyigikirwa, uwabikoze adakwiye gukurikiranwa imbere y’inkiko mpanabyaha kuko amategeko arengera abanyamakuru n’amategeko mbonezamubano ateganya izindi nzira zo kurenganura uwasebejwe cyangwa uwatutswe.

[109]       Bavuga ko kuba abavugwa mu ngingo ya 217[78] y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, batemerewe kugira ibyo bavugwaho, binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kuko rirengera abantu bamwe. Basobanura ko umunyamakuru mu kazi ke ashobora gukoresha ijambo rigafatwa ko ryasebeje umuntu bitewe n’uwabyumvise. Bavuga ko mu rubanza rwa Uj v. Hungary, Urukiko rushinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu mu Burayi rwasobanuye ko gukoresha amagambo yandagaza ubwabyo bitafatwa nko gusebanya kandi gukoresha ayo magambo nabyo biri mu buryo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.[79] Bavuga ko mu rubanza rwa Mugisha Richard, uru Rukiko rwasanze ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, bagasaba ko impamvu zashingiweho muri urwo rubanza zanashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko ingingo ya 218 inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga cyane cyane mu ngingo ya 15 n’iya 38.[80]

[110]        Bongeraho ko mu gihe umunyamakuru ari gukora akazi ke, ashobora gutangaza inkuru ishobora gufatwa nko gusebya cyangwa gutuka umwe mu bayobozi bavuzwe haruguru, ko rero aramutse ahanwe, byaba bibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, bigaragaza ko ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kandi atari ngombwa mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi cyane cyane ko gusebanya cyangwa gutukana bishingira ku marangamutima kandi bikaba biri hafi cyane yo kunenga (les notions d'outrage et d’injure sont en partie subjectives et parfois d'appréciation difficile car tres proches du droit de critique). Basaba uru Rukiko kuzashingira ku bika bya 56, 62, 63, 65 na 68 by’urubanza Colombani na bagenzi be baburanaga n’Ubufaransa,[81]  aho urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko umunyamakuru adakwiye guhanirwa gusebanya.

[111]       Me MBONIGABA Eulade, uhugarariye Leta y’u Rwanda, avuga ko nta muntu wari ukwiye gusaba kwemererwa gusebanya, ko nta na hamwe ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga zemerera umunyamakuru gukora ibyo ashaka ku buryo ibyari ibyaha ku bandi kuri we byahinduka uburenganzira. Avuga ko ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itabuza abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga cyangwa abahagarariye imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda kugira ibyo bavugwaho, ko ahubwo ikibujijwe ari ukubasebya no kubatukira mu ruhame.

[112]       Asobanura ko ibisabwa n’ababuranira BYANSI Samuel Baker ko impamvu zashingiweho mu rubanza rwa Mugisha Richard hemezwa ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018, inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ari nazo zashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko ingingo ya 218 y’iryo tegeko ivanwa mu gitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, nta shingiro byahabwa. Avuga ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018, yahanaga abakoza isoni abayobozi b’igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’igihugu ndetse ko yari rusange, bityo ko ntaho ihuriye n’iya 218 isabirwa kuvanwaho ubu kuko yo ihana icyaha cyo gusebanya no gutukana, ikaba inihariye kubera ko ireba Umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga, abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu gihe bari mu Rwanda mu rwego rw’akazi, hakiyongeraho no kuba izo ngingo zombi zitanganya uburemere.

[113]        Avuga ko gukurikirana gusebanya mu nkiko mbonezamubano bidahagije, ahubwo ko byaza nk’inzira y’inyongera hasabwa indishyi mu rubanza nshinjabyaha cyane cyane ko gusebanya bishobora kugira uburemere butandukanye. Avuga ko hari igihe isebanya rishobora guhungabanya ituze rusange, icyo gihe rikaba ryaba icyaha. Asaba Urukiko ko rwabifataho umwanzuro mu bushishozi bwarwo. Ku kibazo cyo kumenya igihe isebanya rishobora kugira ingaruka ku ituze rusange, avuga ko umunyamakuru aramutse abeshyeye umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga cyangwa undi muyobozi uvugwa mu ngingo isabirwa kwemezwa ko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga bishobora kugumura rubanda kandi kubera ko ntawateganya mbere uburyo igisebo kizaba kimeze, bikaba byatuma abayobozi bafite ububasha bashobora kugirira nabi abandi bayobozi mu gihe bari muri icyo gihugu cyamusebeje.

[114]       Asoza avuga ko ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange idakwiye gufatwa nk’ishyiraho ivangura kuko icyo igamije ari ukurengera imikoranire n’ubwubahane hagati y’ibihugu n’abayobozi babyo (diplomatie), kutabikora bikaba byagira ingaruka ku Rwanda n’abayobozi barwo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[115]       Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ishyiraho ihame ry’uko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi akabarengera mu buryo bumwe.

[116]       Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga yibukijwe haruguru ishyiraho ihame ry’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Icyakora ubwo bwisanzure ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, ukurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Uburyo bushyirwa mu bikorwa ndetse bwubahirizwa biteganywa n’amategeko.

[117]       Ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange igira iti: “Umuntu wese usebya cyangwa utuka mu ruhame, umwe mu bavugwa mu ngingo ya 217 y’iri tegeko, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5).”

[118]      Ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yibukijwe haruguru ihanisha igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5) uwo ari we wese usebya cyangwa utukira mu ruhame, umwe mu bayobozi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 217 y’iri tegeko.

[119]    Ingingo ya 29 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i Vienne ku mibanire y’ibihugu (les relations diplomatiques) yo ku wa 18/04/1961 n’ingingo ya 40 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’i Vienne yo ku wa 24/04/1963 agenga imibanire y’ibihugu mu bijyanye na consulats (Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires), ziteganya ko ibihugu byakira abanyacyubahiro bayavugwamo bifite inshingano zo kubaha icyubahiro bakwiye, bigashyiraho n’ingamba zikwiye ziburizamo impamvu zose zatuma bahohoterwa, batisanzura cyangwa batakarizwa icyubahiro.[82] Ibi bihura kandi n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York ku butumwa bwihariye yo ku wa 16/12/1968.[83]

[120]        Ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York yo ku wa 15/10/1975 akumira akanahana ibyaha byakorewe abantu bafite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga igira iti:

“1. Igikorwa gikozwe ku bushake:

a)      Cyo kwica, gushimuta cyangwa irindi hohotera ku muntu cyangwa ubureganzira bikorewe umuntu ufite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga;

b)      Cy’urugomo ku nyubako zikorerwamo, inzu zituwemo n’uburyo bwo kugendamo ku buryo bishyira mu kaga umuntu cyangwa uburenganzira bw’umuntu ufite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga;

c)      Gushaka gukora ibyo bikorwa;

d)      Kugerageza gukora ibyo bikorwa;

e)      Kugira uruhare nk’icyitso muri ibyo bikorwa

Bifatwa na buri gihugu cyashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano nk’icyaha hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko bwite yacyo.

2. Buri gihugu cyashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano gishyiraho ibihano bikwiye hagendewe ku buremere bw’ibyo byaha.

3. Igika cya 1 n’icya 2 by’iyi ngingo ntaho bibangamiye inshingano z’ibihugu mu mategeko mpuzamahanga zo gufata ibyemezo bikwiye byose kugira ngo bikumire ibindi byaha byakorerwa umuntu, ubwisanzure cyangwa agaciro k’umuntu ufite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga.”[84]

U Rwanda rwashyize umukono kuri ayo masezerano ku wa 04/10/1977.[85]

[121]       Ingingo ya 217 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ihana uwagiriye nabi mu buryo bubabaza umubiri umwe mu bamaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanza cyangwa uwateje umutekano muke, uwangije abigambiriye amazu abo bayobozi bakoreramo, ayo batuyemo cyangwa ibyo bagenderamo. Bigaragara ko iyi ngingo ishyira mu bikorwa igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri by’amasezerano mpuzamahanga amaze kuvugwa. Naho ingingo 218 ihana gusebya cyangwa gutukira mu ruhame umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga cyangwa abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu gihe bari mu Rwanda mu rwego rw’akazi, bikaba byafatwa ko iganisha ku bivugwa mu gika cya gatatu cy’ingingo ya kabiri y’ayo masezerano.

[122]        N’ubwo ingingo ya 218 itangira yibutsa ingingo ya 217, ariko nta kibazo BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bafite ku ngingo ya 217. Ingingo baregeye kuba itubahirije ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru ni iya 218. Iyi ngingo ya 218 ishingiye ahanini ku gika cya 3 cy’ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York yo ku wa 15/10/1975 akumira akanahana ibyaha byakorewe abantu bafite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga. Iki gika gisaba ibihugu gushyiraho amategeko mu buryo bwubahiriza inshingano zabyo mu mategeko mpuzamahanga. Ikibazo ariko gisuzumwa n’uru Rukiko si ukumenya niba ingingo ya 218 yubahirije cyangwa itubahirije inshingano z’u Rwanda mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, ahubwo igisuzumwa mu rwego rw’ibirego byerekeranye no kwemeza ko ingingo y’Itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, ni ukumenya niba ingingo yaregewe inyuranyije cyangwa itanyuranyije n’ingingo z’Itegeko Nshinga zavuzwe haruguru.

[123]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nshinga isobanura ko ariryo Tegeko risumba ayandi mu gihugu. Itegeko, icyemezo cyangwa igikorwa cyose kinyuranyije naryo nta gaciro kiba gifite. Muri ayo mategeko avugwa harimo n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Aya aza ku mwanya wa gatatu ku rutonde rw’ubusumbane bw’amategeko ruteganywa n’ingingo ya 95 y’Itegeko Nshinga.[86] Bivuze ko ibyo Me MBONIGABA Eulade uburanira Leta y’u Rwanda avuga by’uko gusebya cyangwa gutuka umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga cyangwa uhagarariye igihugu cy’amahanga biramutse bivuye mu mategeko mpanabyaha byatera imibanire mibi hagati y’ibihugu (international relations) atari byo byagenderwaho hemezwa ko ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange igomba kuguma mu mategeko y’u Rwanda. Igikwiye kuyigumishamo ni ukuba itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga bitewe n’uko indangagaciro, amahame n’imirongo bikubiye mu Itegeko Nshinga aribyo Abanyarwanda, nk’abaturage bigenga, bahisemo ko bibagenga, ibindi byose bidahuje nabyo bikaba nta gaciro bifite.

i.                    Kumenya niba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga

[124]        Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ishyiraho uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko, BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ingingo ya 218 isubiza igihugu inyuma kuko yimakaza ivangura ndetse ku bayobozi bayivugwamo, ikabuza abanyamakuru gusohoza inshingano zabo kuri bo nk’uko babikora ku bandi.

[125]           Uru Rukiko ubwo rwasuzumaga ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yahanaga gukoza isoni bamwe mu bakozi ba Leta inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, rwasanze ingingo ya 233 irengera gusa abayobozi b’igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’igihugu, rusanga ntacyo iyo ngingo ivuga ku gukoza isoni abandi bantu batari muri icyo cyiciro cyangwa abadakorera Leta. Urukiko rwasobanuye ko nta mpamvu yo gushyiraho ingingo ituma igikorwa kimwe kiba icyaha kuri bamwe ntikibe icyaha ku bandi bitewe gusa n’ubwoko bw’umurimo bakora cyangwa urwego barimo muri uwo murimo. Uru Rukiko rwibukije ko gutandukanya abantu ubwabyo atari ivangura, kuko bishobora gukorwa hari impamvu zifatika, za ngombwa kandi zumvikana nko kurengera abanyantege nke, ariko ibyo bikaba bigomba kugaragazwa, rusanga kuba izo mpamvu ntazagaragajwe bituma ingingo ya 233 inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga.[87]

[126]           Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano ireba abakuru b’ibihugu n’abahagarariye ibihugu by’amahanga cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda mu gihe bari mu kazi. Icyo ubwacyo ni icyiciro cy’abayobozi b’ibihugu by’amahanga kigengwa n’Amasezerano Mpuzahamahanga y’i Vienne yo ku wa 18/04/1961 agenga imibanire y’ibihugu mu bya diplomasiya (Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques) yashyizweho umukono n’u Rwanda ku wa 17/02/1964,[88] Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’i Vienne yo ku wa 24/04/1963 agenga imibanire y’ibihugu mu bijyanye na consulats (Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires) yo ku wa 24/04/1963 yashyizweho umukono n’u Rwanda ku wa 22/04/1974,[89] n’amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku budahangarwa, inzego zihariye n’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga mu bijyanye n’ingufu za kirimubuzi (Conventions sur les privilèges et immunités des Nations-Unies, des Institutions Spécialisées et de l’Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique) byemejwe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku wa 13/02/1946 no ku wa 21/11/1947, byemezwa n’u Rwanda ku wa 17/02/1964.[90]

[127]           Urukiko rurasanga ubwo rwasuzumaga ibyo kumenya niba ingingo ya 236 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yateganyaga gutuka cyangwa gusebya Perezida wa Repubulika inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, rwasanze ibihano by’igifungo kiva ku myaka itanu kugeza kuri irindwi byateganyirizwaga icyo cyaha ari ngombwa ko inzego zibishinzwe zibihuza n’igifungo kitari munsi y’iminsi cumi n’itanu ariko kitarenze amezi abiri giteganywa n’ingingo ya 161 y’iryo Tegeko ku muntu watutse uwo ari we wese mu ruhame.[91] Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba ingingo ishyiraho icyaha cyo gutuka cyangwa gusebya Perezida wa Repubulika inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, mu gika cya 113 cy’urubanza rwa Mugisha uru Rukiko rwasanze “Gusebya Perezida wa Repubulika no gusebya abakuru b’ibuhugu by’amahanga cyangwa abahagarariye imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda (ari)byo byonyine bihanwa mu Rwanda. Gusebya abandi uretse abo bamaze kuvugwa si icyaha, ahubwo uwasebejwe ashobora gutanga ikirego cyo gusaba indishyi.”[92]

[128]        Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze agace karebana no gusebanya kari mu ngingo ya 236 gatandukanya Perezida wa Repubulika n’abandi bantu, ariko iryo tandukaniro rikaba ubwabyo atari ikibazo kuko rifite icyo rishingiyeho, rusanga uburemere bw’inshingano za Perezida wa Repubulika cyane cyane izo gusigasira ubumwe bw’abenegihugu, butuma afatwa nk’ishusho y’ubwo bumwe, ku buryo kumusebya byagira ingaruka kuri ubwo bumwe, zimwe mu ngaruka zabyo zikaba gucamo abaturage ibice biturutse ku byamutangajweho, bityo ko inkuru zimureba zikwiye kwirinda kumusebya kugira ngo zitayobya rubanda. Uru Rukiko rwanzuye ko kuba Perezida wa Repubulika agengwa n’ingingo zihariye mu ishyirwaho rye, ivanwaho rye, ubudahangarwa kwe, uburyo akurikiranwa n’inkiko nshinjabyaha, ibyo bimutandukanya n’abandi, hakiyongeraho uburemere bw’inshingano ze, bigatuma ishyirwaho ry’amategeko yihariye amugenga cyangwa amurengera ryumvikana.

[129]       Urukiko rurasanga ariko nyuma y’urwo rubanza Umushingamategeko   yarasanze nta mpamvu, ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo gusebanya, y’uko Perezida wa Repubulika yashyirirwaho ingingo y’Itegeko yihariye; bituma mu ngingo ya 10 y’Itegeko nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, yemeza ko ingingo ya 236 ivanweho.

[130]        Ku bireba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riregerwa muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga igisuzumwa ari ukumenya niba hari impamvu zatuma abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga, abahagarariye ibihugu by’amahanga mu Rwanda cyangwa abahagarariye imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda bahabwa umwihariko ku buryo kubasebya cyangwa kubatuka byaguma mu mategeko nshinjabyaha y’u Rwanda. Bigaragara ko ingingo ya 29 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i Vienne yo ku wa 18/04/1961 agenga imibanire y’ibihugu mu bya diplomasiya (Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques), ingingo ya 40 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’i Vienne yo ku wa 24/04/1963 agenga imibanire y’ibihugu mu bijyanye na consulats (Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires) yo ku wa 24/04/1963, ingingo ya 29 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York ku butumwa bwihariye yo ku wa 16/12/1968 cyangwa ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York yo ku wa 15/10/1975 akumira akanahana ibyaha byakorewe abantu bafite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga, ntaho zivuga mu buryo bweruye ko zigamije gusaba ibihugu gushyiraho amategeko ahana gusebya cyangwa gutukira mu ruhame abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga, abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu gihe bari mu kazi.

[131]        Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko rwabyibukije mu   rubanza   rwa Uwinkindi Jean, gushyira abantu mu byiciro ubwabyo ntabwo ari ukubavangura cyane cyane iyo ibyo byiciro byashyizweho hagamijwe kugera ku ntego yumvikana, igaragarira buri wese, ishingiye ku mategeko kandi ibyashingiweho bikaba bifite ireme mu nyungu rusange.[93] Ku bireba uru rubanza, bigaragara ko abayobozi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange bari mu cyiciro cyihariye cy’abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga n’abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda. Icyo cyiciro ntigishobora kubarirwa mu cy’abantu bafite intege nke cyangwa, ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo gusebanya, ngo kibarirwe mu cyiciro cy’abakeneye cyane kurengerwa n’amategeko kurusha abandi, aricyo gituma kuba iyo ngingo itareshyeshya abayivugwamo n’abandi bituma inyuranya n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ko itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe.

ii.                  Kumenya niba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga

[132]           Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo gutanga ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru, Urukiko rurasanga mu rubanza Jam yaburanaga n’Ubuholandi, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuholandi rwarasanze gusebya umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga mu itangazamakuru bimutesha agaciro, ariko icyo kikaba cyafatwa gusa nko kutubahiriza inshingano zo kurengera agaciro ke kuko ntaho mu masezerano mpuzamahanga biteganyijwe ko bihinduka icyaha cyo gusebanya cyangwa gutukana.[94]

[133]     Umuhanga Alexander Heinze,[95] nawe avuga ko   isesengura ry’ingingo z’amasezerano mpuzamahanga zagaragajwe haruguru zumvikanisha ko ntaho ibihugu bisabwa gushyiraho ingingo ihana gusebya no gutuka abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga mu mategeko mpanabyaha yabyo. Kuri we, kuba ahubwo ingingo ya 2, igika cya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ya New York yo ku wa 15/10/1975 akumira akanahana ibyaha byakorewe abantu bafite ubudahangarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga iteganya ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa hubahirizwa inshingano z’ibihugu hashingiwe ku mategeko mpuzamahanga, bisobanuye ko ibihugu byavanyeho nkana inshingano zo kurengera agaciro k’umukuru w’igihugu muri ayo masezerano mpuzamahanga, bityo muri ayo masezerano hakaba nta gitegeka igihugu gushyiraho itegeko rihana gusebanya cyangwa gutukana.[96]

[134]            Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba mu gihe ntaho gusebanya cyangwa gutukana bisabwa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga, haba hari umuco w’ibihugu (international customary law) ubiteganya nk’icyaha, Urukiko rurasanga hari ibihugu byavanye mu mategeko mpanabyaha yabyo ingingo zijyanye n’icyaha cyo gusebya cyangwa gutuka umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga, uhagarariye igihugu cyangwa umuryango mpuzamahanga. Urugero ni Ubudage bwavanyeho ingingo ya 103 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana yahanishaga igifungo kuva ku mezi atatu kugeza ku myaka itanu umuntu wese usebeje umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga, uhagarariye igihugu cyangwa umu diplomate woherejwe mu Budage.[97] Mu gusobanura impamvu y’ivanwaho ry’iyo ngingo, bamwe mu bagize Inteko Nshingamategeko y’icyo gihugu bavuze ko iyo ngingo ihana icyaha cya lèse-majesté ari igisigisigi cy’ingoma ya cyami (relic from time when Germany was still a monarchy), abandi bavuga ko itera urujijo mu myumvire y’imikoranire hagati y’ibihugu kuko itegeka umuturage kubahiriza inshingano zagombye kubahirizwa n’igihugu (anachronistic cooperationist understanding of states which even burdens individual citizens with fulfilling the state’s duties).[98]

[135]    Urukiko rurasanga Ubufaransa nabwo bwarahanaga umuntu wasebeje cyangwa watutse abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga, abakuru ba guverinoma z’amahanga n’aba minisitiri b’ububanyi n’amahanga b’ibindi bihugu hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo 36 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 29/07/1881 ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru.[99] Mu rubanza Colombani na bagenzi be baburanaga n’Ubufaransa, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu rwemeranyijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Paris rwemeje ko guhanirwa gusebya cyangwa gutuka umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga binyuranyije n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, rusanga kubihana biha abo itegeko rirengera ubudahangarwa bukabije, bituma batanengwa nk’abandi biturutse gusa ku mwanya barimo, hatitawe ku nyungu z’iryo nenga, ibyo bikaba bitakijyanye na politiki y’iki gihe. Urukiko rwanzuye ko n’ubwo byumvikana ko buri gihugu gifite inyungu zo kurengera ubucuti gifitanye n’ibindi bihugu, ibyo guhana abasebeje cyangwa abatutse abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga cyangwa ababihagarariye birenze ibikenewe kugira ngo ubwo bucuti bugerweho.[100]

[136]       [136]. Uru rubanza rwatumye mu Bufaransa habanza gutorwa itegeko rivugurura ingingo 36 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 29/07/1881 ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, icyaha yateganyaga kivanirwaho igihano cy’igifungo, gisigara gihanishwa ihazabu y’ama Euros 45.000.[101] Icyakora mu mwaka wa 2004, hatowe ingingo ya 52 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 09/03/2004 rivanaho burundu icyaha cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 36 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 29/07/1881 ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru.[102]

[137]           Urukiko rurasanga mu gihugu cya Suwede, muri rusange icyaha cyo gusebanya gihanishwa ihazabu gusa. Ku bireba abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga n’abahagarariye ibihugu byabo, ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha iteganya ko ibyo birego bikurikiranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ku busabe bwa Guverinoma.[103] Icyakora, inyandiko yitwa Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study igaragaza ko mu Burayi ibihugu nk’Ububiligi, Ubugereki, Ubuholandi na Monaco bigihana gusebya abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga bishingiye ku mategeko ashaje cyane (archaic laws) ashyiraho icyaha cya lèse-majesté.[104]

[138]           Ikigaragarira Urukiko ni uko imikorere y’ibihugu idahuye kabone n’ubwo bishinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga amwe. Niyo mpamvu mu rubanza Aziz yaburanaga na Aziz, rwagobotsemo Sultan wa Brunei, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubwongereza rwasanze uretse kuba ntaho amasezerano mpuzamahanga ahatira ibihugu gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukumira igikorwa kibangamiye agaciro k’umukuru w’igihugu, nta n’umuco mpuzamahanga (international customary law) urajyaho utegeka ibihugu gushyiraho ingamba zibuza gusebya abakuru b’ibihugu iyo batari iwabo.[105]

[139]       Urukiko rurasanga ku bijyanye n’ingingo z’amasezerano mpuzamahanga zibukijwe haruguru, inshingano z’ibihugu byayashyizeho umukono harimo n’u Rwanda ari uguha agaciro n’icyubahiro gikwiye abakuru b’ibihugu by’amahanga, abahagarariye ibihugu byabo n’abahagarariye imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda mu gihe bari mu nshingano zabo. N’ubwo rero agaciro k’igihugu kagira ingaruka no ku baturage bacyo ndetse abayobozi bamaze kuvugwa bakaba nabo bagomba kurengerwa mu gaciro kabo, uru Rukiko ruremeranya n’isesengura ryakozwe mu rubanza rwa Colombani rwavuzwe haruguru[106], ry’uko inshingano z’abanyapolitiki zibahindura abantu ba rubanda (personage public), bigatuma abanyamakuru n’abaturage bakurikiranira hafi ibikorwa n’imyifatire yabo ku buryo hari igihe bigorana kumenya imbibi z’ibikwiye kubavugwaho n’ibidakwiye kubavugwaho. Niyo mpamvu umunyapolitiki asabwa kwihangana kurusha umuturage usanzwe ndetse akanitwararika cyane iyo agiye kuvuga cyangwa gufata ibyemezo ku bintu bitavugwaho rumwe. Umunyapolitiki afite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa n’amategeko mu gaciro ke, ariko ibyo ntibyakorwa mu buryo buburizamo ibiganiro ku bibazo bya politiki cyangwa ibibazo biri mu nyungu rusange, ariyo mpamvu irengayobora ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru riteganywa n’ingingo ya 38, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko Nshinga ridakwiye kwagurwa cyane.

[140]        Urukiko rurasanga kandi ntaho mu ngingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange cyangwa mu Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha hateganyijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo ikurikiranacyaha ritangire. Nyamara hari ibindi bihugu bisaba ko ibyaha byo gusebya abakuru b’ibihugu cyangwa abahagarariye ibihugu cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga bikurikiranwa ari uko nibura abo byakorewe babisabye kandi hari imibanire mu bya diplomasi hagati y’ibihugu byombi. Urugero n’ingingo ya 104 a) y’Itegeko Mpanabyaha ry’Ubudage igira iti:

“Ibyaha biteganyijwe muri uyu mutwe bizakurikiranwa ari uko Ubudage bugifitanye imibanire mu bya diplomasi n’icyo gihugu, icyo gihugu nacyo cyari gifite icyo cyaha mu mategeko yacyo igihe icyaha cyakorwaga mu Budage, hari ubusabe bwa Guverinoma y’amahanga kugira ngo habe ikurikiranacyaha, Guverinoma y’Ubudage ihaye Ubushinjacyaha uruhushya rwo gutangira ikurikiranacyaha.”[107]

[141]       Urukiko rurasanga rero mu gihe nta ngingo y’Itegeko yihariye ihari iteganya uburyo icyaha giteganywa n’ingingo 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange gikurikiranwa, bituma buri kantu kose n’akatari ngombwa gashobora gukurikiranwa nk’icyaha, ndetse bigashoboka ko Umukuru w’Igihugu cy’u Rwanda, uhagarariye u Rwanda mu mahanga cyangwa umunyarwanda uhagarariye umuryango mpuzamahanga, ari mu mahanga, akorerwa ibikorwa bisa n’ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo, ariko uwabikoze ntabihanirwe n’inkiko mpanabyaha z’icyo gihugu kuko cyo kidafata ibyo bikorwa nk’ibigize icyaha.

[142]       Urukiko rurasanga rero ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iha umwihariko w’umurengera umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga n’abahagarariye ibihugu cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda, ikaba ituma badashobora gukorwaho inkuru zibanenga bitewe gusa n’imyanya barimo cyangwa inshingano zabo hatitawe ku kamaro k’iyo nkuru, ibyo bikaba bituma iyo ngingo inyuranya n’ihame ry’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru riteganywa n’ingingo ya 38, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[143]       Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga.

II.3.           Kumenya niba ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[144]           BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira   bavuga   ko umunyamakuru afite inshingano zo kurinda abamuha amakuru n’ubwo bitabujijwe ko akorana n’izindi nzego. Basobanura ko akazi k’umunyamakuru gafite umwihariko wo kubika amakuru bityo ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ikaba idakwiye kumufata nk’undi uwo ariwe wese, ko kumushyiraho inshingano zo kuvuga aho yakuye inkuru bishobora kubangamira uburenganzira bwe bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Bashingira ibisobanuro byabo ku byemezo by’inkiko bavuga ko zemeje ubudahangarwa bw’abanyamakuru mu gutanga ubuhamya. Batanga urugero rw’urubanza Branzburg yaburanaga na Hayes, aho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rwasanze abanyamakuru bafite ubudahangarwa iyo basabwa gutanga ubuhamya.[108]

[145]       Bavuga ko ibyemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Amerika bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru mu Rwanda riha umunyamakuru uburenganzira bwo kutavuga aho yakuye amakuru mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ihame ku ibanga rye.[109] Bavuga ko gukurikirana no gukora iperereza ku munyamakuru kubera ko yanze gutanga amakuru bibangamiye ubwisanzure yemererwa n’Itegeko Nshinga hamwe n’Itegeko rigenga Itangazamakuru. Bongeraho ko kutavuga isoko y’aho umunyamakuru yakuye inkuru ari ingenzi, bikaba bigomba kurindwa nka bumwe mu buryo bumufasha gusohoza inshingano ze.

[146]        Bakomeza bavuga ko ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n° 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iteganya ko “umunyamakuru afite uburenganzira busesuye bwo kugera aho ari ho hose yakura inkuru, ubwo guperereza mu bwisanzure ku bintu birebana n’imigendekere y’Igihugu, kandi akanabitangaza hubahirizwa ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko n’andi mategeko”. Bavuga ko iyi ngingo atari umwihariko w’u Rwanda kuko nko muri Canada hari itegeko ririnda ibanga ry’isoko y’amakuru “la Loi sur la protection des sources journalistiques”,[110] ingingo yaryo ya 39.1 (2) ikaba iteganya ko umunyamakuru ashobora kwanga kugaragaza isoko y’inkuru ye,[111] akayigaragaza gusa iyo byasabwe n’Urukiko nabwo ari uko ayo makuru adashobora kuboneka mu bundi buryo, biri mu nyungu z’ubutabera ku kibazo cy’ingenzi mu rubanza ruburanwa kandi hamaze gusuzumwa ingaruka zo kugaragaza isoko y’inkuru ku watanze iyo nkuru.[112]

[147]     Bavuga kandi ko ibyo bigaragaza ko mu Gihugu cya Canada, umunyamakuru avuga aho yakuye amakuru gacye kandi ko usaba ko hagaragazwa isoko y’amakuru ari we werekana ko ibisabwa byagenwe n’itegeko byuzuye.[113] Bavuga ko umurongo nk’uyu wemejwe kandi n’Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe ikiremwa muntu aho mu rubanza SANOMA UITGEVERS B.V. yaburanaga n’Ubuholandi rwavuze ko uburenganzira bw’umunyamakuru bwo kurinda isoko y’inkuru ari kimwe mu bikumira ukwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru.[114] Bavuga kandi ko muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwemeje ko kurinda inkomoko y’inkuru ari ingenzi mu bihugu bigendera kuri demokarasi kuko kwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bihabanye n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 10 y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Iburayi areba uburenganzira bwa muntu, uko kwivanga kukaba kwakwemerwa gusa ku mpamvu zikomeye z’inyungu rusange.[115]

[148]           Bavuga ndetse ko amahame agenga ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru no kubona amakuru muri Afurika (Déclaration de Principes sur la Liberté D’expression et l’Accès à l’Information en Afrique yo muri 2019) yemejwe na Komisiyo Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Commission Africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples), atanga umurongo ngenderwaho. Bavuga ko ihame rya 25 rigamije kurengera isoko y’inkuru n’ibikoresho by’abanyamakuru (la protection des sources et autres matériels journalistiques) riteganya ko abanyamakuru badategetswe kugaragaza isoko y’inkuru cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo aricyo cyose babitse ku bw’impamvu z’umurimo wabo keretse bisabwe n’Urukiko nabwo bikaba ari ngombwa ku bw’impamvu z’iperereza ku byaha bikomeye, bikaba bitaboneka hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo kandi biri mu nyungu rusange. Bavuga ko iryo hame rinongeraho ko Leta itagomba guca inyuma ihame ry’ibanga ku isoko y’amakuru ngo igenzure itumanaho rikoreshwa n’abanyamakuru itabiherewe uburenganzira n’Urukiko kandi hagashyirwaho n’ingamba zikwiriye kugira ngo ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bwubahirizwe.[116]

[149]       Basoza kuri iyi ngingo bavuga ko guhana umunyamakuru wanze gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa ibimenyetso afite ku ikorwa ry’icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye mu nzego z’ubutabera, bibangamira ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru harimo no kutavuga aho yakuye amakuru, bityo ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ikaba inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[150]       Me MBONIGABA Eulade, uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ibibujijwe cyangwa ibisabwa abandi bibujijwe cyangwa bisabwa n’abanyamakuru, ariko by’umwihariko abanyamakuru bakaba basabwa gufasha mu kurwanya no gukumira ibyaha by’ubugome no kutabangamira ikurikiranacyaha. Avuga ko ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru ntaho ibuza umunyamakuru gutanga ubuhamya, ndetse ko kugira ibanga bitavuze kudatanga ubuhamya mu nzego zibishinzwe, cyane cyane ko n’izo nzego zigira ibanga ku buhamya bwatanzwe ndetse n’uburyo zirindamo uwatanze ubwo buhamya ntamenyekane.

[151]        Avuga ko ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko “Abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi ko Itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe”, naho ingingo ya 41, iya 43 n’iya 48 z’Itegeko Nshinga zigateganya ko ubwisanzure bw’umuntu buzitirwa n’ubw’abandi bantu hamwe n’imyitwarire iboneye, bivuze ko kuba umunyamakuru ataravanguwe mu bandi ahuwo bituma ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga ko inkiko nk’umurinzi w’uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bwa muntu, arizo zisuzuma niba koko kudatanga ubuhamya cyangwa kutagaragaza ibimenyetso byafatwa nk’icyaha.

[152]       Asobanura ko ingingo ya 83 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko icyaha kiryozwa uwagikoze, naho iya 9 y’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru ikavuga ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo kumenya amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire iboneye, bivuze ko impungenge BYANSI Samuel Baker agaragaza zo kuba yabangamirwa n’uko hari ibyo ashobora gutangaza bigafatwa uko bitari, cyangwa akitirirwa amakuru atamuturutseho, ntazo yagakwiye kugira. Asoza avuga ko ingingo ya 8, igika cya 2 y’Itegeko no 02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iteganya ko “ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’ubwo kumenya amakuru (bwemewe) kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Ubwo bwisanzure bukoreshwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko”, bivuze ko nawe arebwa n’ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ndetse n’andi mategeko, byumvikanisha ko iyo ngingo ndetse n’izindi zaregewe ntaho zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[153]       Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga yibukijwe haruguru ishyiraho ihame ry’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buremewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Icyakora ubwo bwisanzure ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, ukurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Uburyo bushyirwa mu bikorwa ndetse bwubahirizwa biteganywa n’amategeko.

[154]       Ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko: “Umuntu wese uzi akarengane k’umuntu ukurikiranywe cyangwa wakatiwe kubera icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye, wanga ku bushake bwe, gutanga ubuhamya mu nzego z’ubutabera, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’umwaka umwe (1) ariko kitarenze imyaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 FRW) ariko atarenze ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 FRW). Umuntu wese ufite ibimenyetso ku ikorwa ry’icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye, wanga ku bushake bwe gutanga ubuhamya mu nzego z’ubutabera, ahanishwa ibihano bimwe n’ibiteganyijwe mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo.”

[155]        Ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iteganya inshingano z’ibanze z’umunyamakuru zikurikira:

1° kumenyesha amakuru;

2° kwigisha abaturage no guteza imbere imyidagaduro;

3° guharanira ubwisanzure mu gutangaza amakuru, mu kuyasesengura no mu kugira icyo ayo makuru avugwaho.

Naho ingingo ya 13 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko “ibanga ry’umunyamakuru rigomba kubahirizwa ku birebana n’aho yataye inkuru, aho yakuye ibyo yanditse, ibyo yafashe mu majwi cyangwa mu majwi n’amashusho cyangwa ibyo yafotoye, kimwe n’inkuru yataye akayibika ku buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. Icyakora, urukiko rushobora gutegeka umunyamakuru kuvuga aho yakuye amakuru, igihe bibaye ngombwa ko hakorwa iperereza cyangwa ikurikiranabyaha.”

[156]       [156]. Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange imaze kuvugwa ishyiraho ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye ry’uko nta muntu ugomba kurengana ndetse ko ibyaha by’ubugome n’ibyaha bikomeye bidakwiye guhishirwa ahubwo bikwiye guhanwa. Igika cya mbere kireba umuntu watangiye gukurikiranwa cyangwa warangije gukurikiranwa n’inzego z’ubutabera ku cyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa icyaha gikomeye ariko arengana. Ihana rero umuntu uzi ako karengane ntatange umusanzu wo kukagaragaza kugira ngo ukurikiranywe cyangwa uwarangije gukurikiranwa agirwe umwere. Igika cya kabiri kireba ikorwa ry’icyaha cyaba icy’ubugome cyangwa igikomeye, noneho umuntu ufite amakuru ku ikorwa ryacyo akanga nkana gutanga ubuhamya bwafasha inzego z’ubutabera gukurikirana icyo cyaha cyangwa kugihana mu buryo bukwiye.

[157]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 5 n’iya 13 z’Itegeko n°02/2013 ryo ku wa 08/02/2013 rigenga itangazamakuru iyo zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko inshingano nyamukuru z’umunyamakuru ari uguteza imbere inyungu rusange, amenyesha rubanda amakuru, yigisha abaturage, ateza imbere imyidagaduro ndetse aharanira ko umwuga w’itangazamakuru utera imbere kurushaho. Uburyo abonamo ayo makuru n’uburyo ayatara akaba aribyo birindwa n’ibanga ry’umwuga we mu rwego rwo guteza imbere itangazamakuru. Ikibazo akaba ari ukumenya aho iryo banga rigarukira ku bijyanye n’ibyaha by’ubugome cyangwa bikomeye umunyamakuru yakozeho inkuru cyangwa yamenye ari mu nshingano ze. Ikindi cyibazwa n’icyo kumenya niba ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itegeka umunyamakuru gukora ibisabwa nayo hatabanje kugaragazwa icyemezo cy’Urukiko giteganywa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko rigenga itangazamakuru.

[158]       Urukiko rurasanga mu burenganzira ku butabera buboneye harimo n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze buteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Mu rubanza rwa Kabasinga Florida, uru Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye rigizwe n’ibice bibiri: ibijyanye n’imigendekere y’urubanza (procedural due process) n’ibijyanye n’uburenganzira n’inshingano by’ukurikiranweho icyaha biteganywa n’Itegeko (substantive due process).[117] Ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga ni imwe mu zishyira mu bikorwa intego Abanyarwanda bihaye mu iranganshingiro ry’iryo Tegeko yo “kubaka Leta igendera ku mategeko (state governed by the rule of law), ishingiye ku iyubahiriza ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ku bwisanzure no ku ihame ry’uko Abanyarwanda bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko n’iry’uburinganire hagati y’abagore n’abagabo”.

[159]            Urukiko rurasanga ibanga ry’inkomoko y’inkuru rirengerwa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko rigenga itangazamakuru ari irijyanye koko n’umwuga akora. Iby’ibanga ry’akazi ariko si umwihariko w’abanyamakuru. Bireba imyuga yose ihura n’amabanga kubera imiterere yayo nk’ubuvuzi, ubwunganizi mu mategeko, abashinzwe imari n’abandi. Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ibanga rya Avoka rimubuza kumenyekanisha ikorwa ry’ibyaha, mu rubanza People yaburanaga na Francis Belge, Robert Garrow yabwiye aba Avoka bamwunganiraga ko uretse umuntu umwe akurikiranyweho kwica, hari n’abandi yishe, abashushanyiriza n’aho yabahambye, bahageze bahasanga koko imibiri yabo ariko banga kubimenyesha inzego zibishinzwe ku bw’ibanga ry’akazi. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa New York rwasanze ibanga hagati ya Avoka n’umukiliya we ritarengera ibintu byose, ko n’ubwo rigomba kwitabwaho, Avoka afite inshingano hashingiwe ku mahame asanzwe ya kimuntu yo kurengera inyungu z’ubutabera n’umuryango rusange.[118] Iri hame ry’uko ibanga ry’akazi atari ndakumirwa ryanagarutsweho mu rubanza Jespers yaburanaga n’Ububiligi, Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rusanga gutanga amakuru ku bimenyetso bishobora gufasha uregwa biri mu nyungu z’ubutabera bikaba bigomba gutangwa kare kugira ngo bibyazwe umusaruro ukenewe.[119] Naho mu rubanza A na bagenzi be baburanaga n’Ubwongereza, urwo Rukiko rwasanze ibijyanye n’umutekano w’igihugu ari irengayobora ku ibanga ry’umwuga kuko biri mu nyungu rusange.[120]

[160]           Urukiko rurasanga umuhanga Jonathan Herring nawe avuga ko ku bijyanye n’ubuvuzi, ibanga rishobora kumenyekanishwa kugira ngo harengerwe inyungu rusange, icyo gihe hagashyirwa ku munzani uburemere bw’inyungu rusange n’ubw’inyungu bwite z’umurwayi n’iz’imikoranire hagati y’umurwayi n’umuganga.[121] Jo Samanta na Ash Samanta nabo bavuga ko kumenyekanisha ikorwa ry’icyaha gikomeye nk’ihohotera rishingiye ku gitsina, ubwicanyi, gukubita no gukomeretsa, guhohotera abana, kugambanira igihugu cyangwa ikindi cyaha cyose gishobora guteza abantu akaga biri mu nyungu rusange. Basobanura ko bene ibyo byaha ari irengayobora rishobora gutuma inzego z’Ubugenzacyaha zihabwa amakuru ubundi yari abitse nk’ibanga.[122] Mu rubanza Hunt yaburanaga na Mann, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubwongereza rwasanze umuganga wavuye umuntu wakomerekeye mu mpanuka yo mu muhanda yateje ku bushake, imenyerewe nka hit and run, atakwihisha inyuma y’ibanga ry’akazi ngo yange gutanga amakuru yafasha inzego z’umutekano kuko ayo makuru aba ari mu nyungu rusange.[123]

[161]       Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo rero ikorwa ry’ibyaha ndetse n’ikurikirana ryabyo bishobora gukorwaho inkuru, ntabwo inyungu z’ukekwaho gukora icyaha wakozweho inkuru zarutishwa inyungu rusange z’ikurikiranacyaha n’ihanwa ryacyo cyangwa ngo zishyirwe hejuru y’inyungu zo kurenganura ukurikiranyweho icyaha atakoze. Ibimaze gusobanurwa mu bika bibanziriza iki byumvikanisha ko umunyamwuga, yaba umunyamakuru, avoka, umuganga cyangwa undi uwo ari wese adakwiye kugira uwo afasha gukora icyaha cyangwa guhishira ikorwa ryacyo kubera ko ikorwa ry’icyaha ritari mu mabanga agengwa n’amategeko y’umwuga. Nta n’ubwo kandi ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwarutishwa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye ku buryo umunyamakuru yakwemererwa kureka no kurebera abantu b’inzirakarengane bakurikiranweho ibyaha batakoze kugeza ubwo babihaniwe kandi afite ibimenyetso byatuma batarengana.

[162]           Urukiko rurasanga ku bireba itangazamakuru by’umwihariko, mu rubanza Cornellisen yaburanaga n’Ubushinjacyaha hamwe n’uwitwa Zeelie, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Afurika y’Epfo rwarasanze nta budahangarwa abanyamakuru bafite bwatuma badatanga ubuhamya mu nkiko ku makuru babonye mu gihe bari mu kazi kabo.[124] Naho mu rubanza Nel yaburanaga na Le Roux, Urukiko rushinzwe kurinda Itegeko Nshinga muri Afurika y’Epfo rusobanura ko inyungu zo kurengera uburenganzira buteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga harimo n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru zigomba kureberwa hamwe n’iz’Ubushijnajcyaha mu kubona amakuru y’ingenzi yatuma ibyaha bikurikiranwa, aho bishoboka hakagenderwa ku ihame rigezweho mu bindi bihugu nka Amerika aho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaho rwemeje mu rubanza rwa Branzburg ko rubanda ifite uburenganzira ku bimenyetso bifitwe n’uwo ari we wese.[125]

[163]           Urukiko rurasanga muri urwo rubanza Branzburg yaburanaga na Hayes, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rwarasobanuye ko ivugurura rya mbere ry’Itegeko Nshinga ryemeje ihame ry’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ntaho ribuza ko umunyamakuru atanga ubuhamya mu Rukiko ku makuru yabonye mu ibanga, rusobanura ko ibyo abanyamakuru basaba byo gusesengura Itegeko Nshinga ku buryo, ibijyanye n’ubuhamya butangwa n’abanyamakuru, byashyirirwaho umwihariko udafitwe n’abandi baturage, nta shingiro bifite.[126]

[164]           Hakurikijwe umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza rumaze kuvugwa, ikigaragara n’uko BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavugisha urwo rubanza ibyo rutavuga kuko ntaho ruvuga ko abanyamakuru bakwiye gushyirirwaho umwihariko utuma badatanga ubuhamya cyangwa batamenyekanisha ibyaha bafitiye amakuru. Byongeye kandi, nyuma y’igihe gito urwo rubanza ruciwe, haje ikindi kirego mu rubanza Zurcher yaburanaga na Stanford Daily nacyo gisaba guha ubudahangarwa abanyamakuru kugira ngo badasakwa n’inzego z’iperereza. Muri urwo rubanza Stanford Daily yakekwagaho kuba ibitse amafoto y’abantu barwanyije Polisi mu myigaragambyo, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga na none rwasanze kuba icyo kinyamakuru ubwacyo ataricyo gikurikiranyweho icyaha, bitabuza ko gisakwa mu gihe bikekwa ko ibintu bikwiye gusakwa no gufatirwa aricyo kibibitse.[127]

[165]       [165]. Urukiko rurasanga mu rubanza Cohen yaburanaga na Cowless Media Co, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Amerika na none rwarasobanuye ko bitafatwa ko ingingo rusange z’amategeko zibangamira ivugurura rya mbere ry’Itegeko Nshinga bitewe gusa n’uko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryazo rishobora gutuma abanyamakuru badakora neza inshingano zabo zo gutara no gutangaza inkuru.[128] Uku kandi ni nako Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada rwabisanze mu rubanza National Post yaburanaga n’Ubushinjacyaha aho rwabisobanuye neza muri aya magambo:

“…lorsque les circonstances le requièrent, les tribunaux respectent la promesse de confidentialité faite à une source secrète par un journaliste ou un directeur de la rédaction. L'intérêt du public à ce que lui soit communiquée l'information sur des sujets susceptibles de n'être mis au jour qu'avec la collaboration de sources secrètes n'est toutefois pas absolu. Il doit être mis en balance avec d'autres intérêts publics importants, comme la conduite d'enquêtes criminelles. Dans certaines situations, des intérêts publics opposés l'emporteront sur l'intérêt public à protéger la source secrète contre toute divulgation et, en pareil cas, une promesse de confidentialité ne justifiera pas la rétention de la preuve.”[129]

[166]       Umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza rwa National Post ugaragaza ko ibyo BYANSI Samuel Baker n’abamwunganira bavuga by’uko ingingo ya 39.1. (2) ya la Loi sur la protection des sources journalistiques iha abanyamakuru bo muri Canada ubudahangarwa ku buryo batemerewe gutanga ubuhamya bugaragaza isoko y’inkuru bataye cyangwa ngo basabwe kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyaha bafite, nta shingiro bifite. Igika cya karindwi cy’iyo ngingo ahubwo gisobanura uburyo umunyamakuru asabwa gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa kugaragaza ibimenyetso abitse.[130] Agace ka b) kavuga ko inyungu rusange z’ubutabera bunoze ziri hejuru y’inyungu rusange yo kurengera ibanga ku nkuru y’umunyamakuru. Ibindi bisobanuro bitangwa n’iyo ngingo n’ibifasha mu gufata icyemezo cyo gutuma ibyari ibanga bimenyekanishwa, muri ibyo harimo akamaro k’amakuru akenewe mu rubanza, gusuzuma niba byarutishwa ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru no gushyira ku munzani ingaruka zo kumena iryo banga kuri nyiraryo n’umunyamakuru waribikijwe. Ibi byose bikaba bitafatwa nk’ibibuza umunyamakuru kuba yatanga ubuhamya cyangwa yagaragaza ibimenyetso by’icyaha cyakozwe ahubwo bishyiraho imirongo y’uburyo gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa kugaragaza ibyo bimenyetso bigomba gukorwa.

[167]       Urukiko rurasanga guhanira umuntu icyaha atakoze uretse kuba binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 18, igika cya mbere, agace ka 8, y’Itegeko Nshinga, ntibikwiye kwihanganirwa mu isi tugezemo. Umunyamakuru ntiyasaba rero guhabwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga umusanzu we mu kubaka igihugu kirimo uburenganzira, ubwisanzure kandi kigendera ku mategeko, ngo yongere asabe n’ubwo kutagaragaza ibimenyentso by’uko hari uwimwe ubwo burenganzira n’ubwisanzure ku bw’akarengane. Byongeye kandi, inshingano z’umunyamakuru n’uruhare rwe mu kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko bimutegeka kutinumira mu gihe yabonye amakuru ku ikorwa ry’icyaha gikomeye cyangwa cy’ubugome kuko bibangamiye bwa burenganzira n’ubwisanzure ndetse n’amahame y’igihugu kigendera ku mategeko wa munyamakuru aharanira, abaye atabigaragarije ibimenyetso kandi abifite, byasubiza igihugu inyuma kuko abakoze ibyaha bikomeye batakurikiranwa ngo banaryozwe icyaha bakoze nyamara hari uwari ufite amakuru kuri icyo cyaha n’uruhare rwabo.

[168]       Urukiko rurasanga inshingano zo gutanga ubuhamya n’izo kugaragaza ibyaha byakozwe bitagarukira ku munyamakuru gusa kuko biri mu nyungu rusange z’ubutabera n’igihugu, ariyo mpamvu irengayobora ryashyizweho n’ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange rikwiye, bityo rikaba ritafatwa nk’irinyuranyije n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

                                                                                                     III.             UMWANZURO RUSANGE.

[169]       Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ruhereye ku bisobanuro rwatanze kuri buri ngingo, rurasanga ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, mu bigize imibereho bwite y’umuntu harimo n’amajwi, amafoto, amashusho n’inyandiko bwite kuko ari bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi biranga nyirabyo kandi bimutandukanya n’abandi. Buri wese afite rero uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uburyo byafashwe, bibikwa cyangwa bitangazwa. Ubwo burenganzira bukubiyemo n’ubwo kwanga kumvirizwa, kwanga ko amajwi, amafoto amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite bifatwa, bibikwa, bitangazwa, bisakazwa cyangwa bivanwamo kopi nyinshi. Naho ubundi haba hari ikintu cy’ingenzi cya nyirabyo kigenzurwa n’undi kandi nyir’ubwite akaba adafite ububasha bwo gukurikirana icyo kumviriza, amajwi, amafoto, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko bwite bye byakoreshwa. Ibi bituma uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite buba inkomyi ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

[170]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, umunyamakuru utangaje ku bw’inabi ifoto, imvugo cyangwa amashusho amaze kubihindura ntabivuge aba anyuranyije n’imikorere ya kinyamwuga kandi ashobora gutera akaga nyirabyo kuko rubanda bakeka ko ibyatangajwe ari umwimerere kandi ataribyo.

[171]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, gukwiza amakuru atari ay’ukuri cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha Leta ntibyafatwa nk’ibigize ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru kandi bisenya igihugu na demokarasi. Niyo mpamvu hakwiye kwiyambazwa amategeko y’ubwoko butandukanye harimo n’amategeko mpanabyaha kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko bitemewe ndetse bice intege abifuza kubyishoramo.

[172]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Inshingano z’ibihugu, hashingiwe ku masezerano no ku muco mpuzamahanga, ni uguha abakuru b’ibihugu, abahagarariye ibihugu byabo cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda iyo bari mu kazi agaciro n’icyubahiro bibakwiye. Umunyapolitiki afite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa n’amategeko mu gaciro ke, ariko ibyo ntibyakorwa mu buryo buburizamo ibiganiro ku bibazo bya politiki cyangwa ibibazo biri mu nyungu rusange. Ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iha umwihariko w’umurengera umukuru w’igihugu cy’amahanga n’abahagarariye ibihugu cyangwa imiryango mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda, ikaba ituma badashobora gukorwaho inkuru zibanenga bitewe gusa n’imyanya barimo cyangwa inshingano zabo hatitawe ku kamaro k’iyo nkuru, ibyo bikaba bituma iyo ngingo inyuranya n’ihame ry’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru.

[173]       Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Nibyo koko ibyaha n’ikurikirana ryabyo bikwiye gukorwaho inkuru. Ariko, ntabwo inyungu z’ukekwaho gukora icyaha wakozweho inkuru zarutishwa inyungu rusange z’ikurikiranacyaha n’ihanwa ryacyo cyangwa ngo zishyirwe hejuru y’inyungu zo kurenganura ukurikiranweho icyaha atakoze. Umunyamwuga, yaba umunyamakuru, avoka, umuganga cyangwa undi uwo ari wese ntakwiye kugira uwo afasha gukora icyaha cyangwa guhishira ikorwa ryacyo kubera ko ikorwa ry’icyaha bitari mu mabanga agengwa n’amategeko y’umwuga.

                                                                                                    IV.            ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO.

[174]       Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na BYANSI Samuel Baker gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 156, iya 157, iya 194, iya 218 n’iya 251 z’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranye n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe;

[175]       Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga;

[176]        Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 157 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga;

[177]       Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 194 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 z’Itegeko Nshinga;

[178]       Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 218 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, bityo ikaba nta gaciro ifite;

[179]       Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 251 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[180]       Rutegetse ko uru rubanza rutangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.