NISHIMWE N’UNDI v. MUGENGA N’UNDI
[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCAA 00031/2016/SC (Nyirinkwaya P.J., Cyanzayire, Kayitesi Rusera, Rukundakuvuga na Hitiyaremye J.) 25 Nzeri 2019]
Umutungo – Umutungo utimukanwa – Gusubizwa ibyongewe ku mutungo utimukanwa n’utari nyirawo – Mu gihe umuntu yaguze umutungo utimukanwa n’utari nyirawo, bikaba ngombwa ko awusubiza nyirawo w’ukuri kandi hari ibyo yongeyeho bitari ibyo yubatse cyangwa yateye bishya, abisubizwa na nyir’umutungo hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo – Asubizwa agaciro k’ibyakozwe biri ngobwa n’ibyakozwe bifite akamaro hatitawe ku kureba niba yarawubonye mu buryarya cyabgwa nta buryarya – Ntacyo asubizwa na nyir’umutungo w’ukuri ku byakozwe by’umurimbo.
Incamake y’ikibazo: Mugenga yagiranye amasezerano y’ubugure bw’inzu na Kabagema, yaje guteshwa agaciro n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali nyuma yo gusanga Kabagema yaragurishije ibitari ibye, kuko yari iy’umuvandimwe we Rwamanywa.
Mugenga amaze gusubiza uwo mutungo, yahise arega abazungura ba Rwamanywa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge avuga ko yasubije inzu ariko ntiyishyurwa agaciro k’ibikorwa yari amaze kuyikoraho, asaba Nishimwe na Mashami inyungu z’amafaranga yashyize kuri iyo nzu, amafaranga y’ubukode bayibonamo, n’amafaranga aturuka ku guta agaciro k’ifaranga; urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko hari ibikorwa Mugenga yakoze kuri iyo nzu, rutegeka ko asubizwa agaciro kabyo kagenywe mu bushishozi bwarwo, runategeka abazungura ba Rwamanywa gusubiza Mugenga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza.
Ababuranyi bombi bajuririye urwo rubanza, mu rubanza rwahurije hamwe ubwo bujurire bwombi, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwombi nta shingiro bufite.
Nishimwe yongeye kujuririra urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko habayeho kwivuguruza urukiko rukavugisha itegeko ibyo ritavuga, ko rwemeje ko Mugenga asubizwa inyongeragaciro yashyize ku nzu mu gihe amakosa ariwe wayakoze, ko kandi ibimenyetso byashingiweho mu kugena ibyo yongeye ku nzu bishidikanywaho.
Mu iburanisha ry’urubanza, Mugenga yazamuye inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko Nishimwe wajuriye yatsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe, ndetse ko n’ikiburanwa ubwacyo kitagejeje kuri 50.000.000Frw, asaba Urukiko kutakira ubujurire. Urukiko rwemeza ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha yatanzwe nta shingiro ifite.
Nyuma Mugenga yongeye gutanga indi nzitizi avuga ko Nishimwe yahinduye ababuranyi mu rwego rw’ubujurire, kuko Mashami aza mu baregwa mu gihe mu nkiko zibanza yari afatanyije urubanza na Nishimwe, bituma Urukiko rubyutsa inzitizi yo kumenya niba ubujurire bwa Nishimwe butagira ingaruka ku bandi bazungura, nyuma y’impaka kuri izo nzitizi Urukiko rwemeza ko kubireba Mashami, ikirego cya Nishimwe kidakwiye kwakirwa, Mashami avanwa mu rubanza nk’uregwa, ahubwo ahamagazwa ku ruhande rw’uwajuriye nubwo atajuriye, iburanisha rikomeza mu mizi.
Mu miburaniye ye, Mugenga avuga ko haribyo yongeye kunzu nyuma yo kuyigura agira n’ibindi bishya yubaka muri icyo kibanza, mu gihe Nishimwe na Mashami bo bavuga ko ntacyo yongeyeho, ko nubwo byaba biriho ataribo babimwishyura kubera ko yaguze mu buryarya.
Hitabajwe umuhanga mu igenagaciro wagennywe yumvikanyweho n’ababuranyi, asabwa kugaragariza Urukiko ibyongewe ku nzu no mu kibanza bivugwa mu kiburanwa nyuma y’umwaka wa 1997 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 Mugenga ayivamo, raporo umuhanga yakoze mbere igibwaho impaka, biba ngombwa ko urukiko rutegeka ko hakorwa iy’inyongera.
Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Mu gihe umuntu yaguze umutungo utimukanwa n’utari nyirawo, bikaba ngombwa ko awusubiza nyirawo w’ukuri kandi hari ibyo yongeyeho bitari ibyo yubatse cyangwa yateye bishya, asubizwa na nyir’umutungo ibyo yongeyeho hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo.
2. Asubizwa agaciro kose k’ibyakozwe biri ngombwa n’ibyakozwe bifite akamaro hatitawe ku kureba niba yarawubonye mu buryarya cyangwa nta buryarya. Ntacyo asubizwa na nyir’umutungo w’ukuri ku byakozwe by’umurimbo.
Ubujurire bwa Nishimwe na Mashami bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe;
Amagarama y’urubanza ahwanye n’ibyakozwe.
Amategeko yashingiweho:
Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 34.
Itegeko Ngenga No 03/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rikuraho Itegeko Ngenga No 08/2005 ryo kuwa 14/07/2005 rigenga imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 35, igika cya 3;
Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 9.
Itegeko No 42/1988 rishyiraho Interuro y’ibanze n’Igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano (ryavuyeho), ingingo ya 388 na 389.
Imanza zifashishijwe:
Kayitsinga v. Kanyamibwa, RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0012/2015/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 18/01/2019,
Nibasenge v. Nahayo, RS/INJUST/RC 0006/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019.
Inyandiko z’abahanga:
Gérard Cornu, Vocabulaire juridique, 6ème éd., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1996, p. 312, 388 na 418.
Christian Larroumet, Droit Civil, Les Biens, Droits réels, Principaux, 5ème Ed., T.II, Paris, Economica, 2006, p. 311, 312, 372, 373.
Patrice Jourdain, Droit Civil, Les biens, Paris, Dalloz, 1995, p.229, p. 282.
Urubanza
I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA.
[1] Mugenga Joseph yaguze na Kabagema Ferdinand inzu mu mwaka wa 1994. Amasezerano y’ubugure bwabo yaje guteshwa agaciro n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali, mu rubanza No RC 36.294/01 rwaciwe ku wa 12/02/2003. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze Kabagema Ferdinand yaragurishije ibitari ibye kuko byari iby’umuvandimwe we Rwamanywa Jérémie, akabigurisha mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, kubera iyo mpamvu Urukiko rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure yabaye hagati ya Kabagema Ferdinand na Mugenga Joseph avuyeho.
[2] Mugenga Joseph amaze gusubiza iyo nzu, yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, arega abazungura ba Rwamanywa bagizwe na Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle, avuga ko yasubije inzu ariko ibikorwa yari amaze kuyongeraho ntiyasubizwa agaciro kabyo, asaba inyungu z’amafaranga yari kubona ku mafaranga yashyize kuri iyo nzu, amafaranga y’ubukode abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie bayibonamo, n’amafaranga aturuka ku guta agaciro k’ifaranga (inflation), byose bingana na 137.056.112 Frw.
[3] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko, koko hari ibikorwa Mugenga Joseph yakoze kuri iyo nzu, ndetse agira n’ibindi yubaka muri icyo kibanza; Rutegeka “Succession” Rwamanywa Jérémie igizwe na Nishimye Claudine na Mashami Gisèle gusubiza Mugenga Joseph amafaranga 15.591.362 Frw, runabategeka kumuha amafaranga 800.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’amafaranga 100.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza.
[4] Mugenga Joseph n’abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie ntibishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, buri ruhande rujurira mu Rukiko Rukuru, ubujurire bwabo buhurizwa hamwe mu rubanza Nº RCA 0517/15/HC/KIG-0538/15/HC/KIG, rwaciwe ku wa 22/04/2016. Urukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bw’abazungura ba Rwamanywa n’ubwa Mugenga Joseph nta shingiro bufite, rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe idahindutse.
[5] Nishimwe Claudine yongeye kujuririra urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, urubanza ruhabwa No RCAA 00031/2016/SC, avuga ko arega Mugenga Joseph na Mashami Gisèle. Asobanura ko yajurijwe n’impamvu zikurikira:
- Kuba harabaye kwivuguruza bigatuma Urukiko ruvugisha itegeko ibyo ritavuga;
- Kuba Urukiko rwaremeje ko Mugenga Joseph asubizwa inyongeragaciro yashyize ku nzu mu gihe ariwe wakoze amakosa ;
- No kuba ibimenyetso byashingiweho mu kugena ibyo yongeye kuri iyo nzu, bishidikanywaho.
[6] Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryabereye mu ruhame ku wa 27/03/2018. Iburanisha rigitangira, Mugenga Joseph yibukije inzitizi yatanze ishingiye ku kuba Nishimwe Claudine wajuriye yaratsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe, n’iyo kuba ikiburanwa ubwacyo kitagejeje kuri 50.000.000 Frw, bityo ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 28 igika cya 2, agace ka 7º no ku gika cya 5 y’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 03/2012 ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ubujurire budakwiye kwakirwa kubera ko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga.
[7] Ku wa 20/04/2018, Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwemeza ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha yatanzwe na Mugenga Joseph nta shingiro ifite, ko urubanza ruzasubukurwa ku wa 12/06/2018. Kuri iyi tariki, ntirwaburanishijwe kubera impinduka mu rwego rw’amategeko, ruburanishwa ku wa 09/10/2018. Mugenga Joseph yongeye gutanga inzitizi avuga ko Nishimwe Claudine yahinduye ababuranyi mu rwego rw’ubujurire, kubera ko Mashami Gisèle aza mu baregwa kandi yari afatanyije urubanza na Nishimwe Claudine mu nkiko zibanza, icyo kibazo kigibwaho impaka, hamwe n’icyabyukijwe n’Urukiko cyo kumenya niba ubujurire bwa Nishimwe Claudine butagira ingaruka ku bandi bazungura.
[8] Ku wa 09/12/2018, Urukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cya Nishimwe Claudine ku bireba Mashami Gisèle kidakwiye kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe, rwemeza ko Mashami avanwa mu rubanza nk’uregwa. Rwemeje kandi ko hashingiwe ku kuba Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle basangiye inyungu mu kiburanwa nk’abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie ku buryo icyemezo cyafatwa cyabagiraho ingaruka bose, Mashami Gisèle n’ubwo we atajuriye agomba kuzanwa mu rubanza ku ruhande rwa Nishimwe Claudine wajuriye. Rwategetse ko iburanisha mu mizi y’urubanza rizakomeza ku wa 08/01/2019.
[9] Ku wa 08/01/2019, iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame, rirapfundikirwa, Urukiko rumenyesha ababuranyi ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku wa 15/02/2019. Mu mwiherero warwo, rwasanze mbere yo guca urubanza ari ngombwa ko hashyirwaho umuhanga mu igenagaciro hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 77 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko “kugira ngo urukiko ruce urubanza rwaregewe rushobora gutegeka umuhanga cyangwa abahanga gusuzuma no gutanga ibitekerezo ku bintu bifitanye isano n’urwo rubanza kandi bijyanye n’umwuga wabo.”
[10] Iburanisha ryo gushyiraho umuhanga mu igenagaciro ryabaye ku wa 26/02/2019, imbere y’Urukiko ababuranyi bose bemeranywa ku mugenagaciro witwa Ir Havugimana Justin. Uwo muhanga, yifashishije igenagaciro No 17/97 ryo ku wa 07/03/1997 ryakozwe n’umukozi wa Minisiteri yari ishinzwe Ibikorwaremezo n’Ingufu, ndetse n’ibisobanuro by’ababuranyi ku mpande zombi, yasabwe kugaragariza Urukiko ibyongewe ku nzu no mu kibanza bivugwa mu kiburanwa nyuma y’umwaka wa 1997 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 Mugengaayivamo, n’agaciro byari bifite muri uwo mwaka wa 2008.
[11] Umuhanga washyizweho n’Urukiko yagejeje raporo ye mu Bwanditsi bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/04/2019, iburanisha ry’urubanza ryongera gushyirwa ku wa 17/07/2019. Kuri iyi tariki, urubanza rwaraburanishijwe, Nishimwe Claudine ahagarariwe na Me Abasa Fazil, Mashami Gisèle ahagarariwe na Me Nsengiyumva Abel naho Mugenga Joseph yunganiwe na Me Nzabahimana Augustin Néto, ababuranyi bahabwa umwanya wo kugira icyo bavuga kuri raporo y’Umuhanga.
[12] Mugenga Joseph yavuze ko ibyakozwe n’umuhanga abyemera, uretse aho yibeshye ku bijyanye na “annexe” akavuga ko “maçonnerie” iri “en briques adobes”(rukarakara) kandi iri “en briques cuites”; bigatuma aho kubarira m2 kuri 50 000 Frw, ayibarira kuri 5 600 Frw. Yasobanuye kandi ko Umugenagaciro yavuze ko “charpente” iri “en bois” aho kuvuga ko ari “métallique”.
[13] Me AbasA Fazil uburanira Nishimwe Claudine na Me Nsengiyumva Abel uburanira Mashami Gisèle bavuze ko batumva aho ibiciro byakoreshejwe mu igenagaciro byavuye, basaba ko umugenagaciro yabagaragariza imibare yagendeyeho abara igiciro cya buri kintu, bagahabwa n’umwanya wo kugira icyo babivugaho.
[14] Nyuma yo kumva ibisobanuro by’impande zombi ku bijyanye na raporo y’Umuhanga, Urukiko rwemeje ko hazakorwa raporo y’inyongera, ikazaba yagejejwe mu Bwanditsi bw’Urukiko ku wa 25/07/2019, iburanisha rigakomeza ku wa 31/07/2019 saa mbili za mu gitondo. Kuri iyo tariki ababuranyi bose baritabye, hari n’Umuhanga washyizweho n’Urukiko, buri muburanyi agira ibyo avuga kuri raporo y’inyongera, Urukiko rupfundikira iburanisha, rumenyesha ababuranyi ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku wa 25/09/2019.
[15] Mu miburanire yabo, Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bavuga ko ntacyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku nzu iburanwa nyuma yo kuyigura, kandi ko niba hari n’ibyo yongeyeho ataribo babimwishyura kuko yaguze mu buryarya. Muri uru rubanza rero, iby’ingenzi bigomba gusuzumwa bikaba ari ukumenya niba hari ibyo Mugengayongeye ku mutungo yasubije abo baburana ugizwe n’inzu n’ikibanza yubatsemo, no kumenya niba ibyo yaba yarongeyeho yabyishyurwa n’uwabimwishyura.
II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO
A. Kumenya niba hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku mutungo yasubije Abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie.
[16] Avoka uburanira Nishimwe Claudine, hamwe n’uburanira Mashami Gisèle bavuga ko batemera ko hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku nzu iburanwa, ibi bakabishingira ku mpamvu zikurikira:
Kuba mu Rukiko Rukuru, umucamanza yaravuze ko yagiye ku kiburanwa agasanga hari inzu imwe yo mu 2004 n’indi nshya, ariko akaba yaragiye atamenyesheje ababuranyi, ariyo mpamvu batemera imvugo z’abatangabuhamya babajijwe;
Kuba inzu iburanwa ari iyo Rwamanywa Jérémie yasize mbere ya 1994, uko yari imeze ikaba ariko ikimeze. Avuga ko icyo Mugenga Joseph yakoze ari ugufata neza ibyari biyirimo nko gusana inzugi z’ibyumba no gusiga amarangi.
[17] Me Nsengiyumva Abel uburanira Mashami Gisèle avuga ko haramutse hari ibyongewe ku nzu, byahwana (compensation) no kuba Mugenga Joseph yarabaye muri iyo nzu kuva mu 1994 kugeza 2008. Avuga ko Urukiko rubishoboye narwo rwakora iperereza rukareba koko niba hari ibyongewe ku nzu iburanwa, rukanareba niba ibyo abatangabuhamya bavuze aribyo. Yongeraho ko inzu yiswe “Annexe” batayikeneye, ko Mugenga Joseph wayishyizeho yayikuraho agatwara ibikoresho bye kubera ko yayihashyize mu buryo bw’uburiganya. Avuga kandi ko igenagaciro ryagendeweho n’inkiko zibanza ataryemera kuko ari Mugenga Joseph waryikoreshereje uko abishaka.
[18] Mugenga Joseph avuga ko mu nyandiko zigize urubanza harimo igenagaciro rimwe ryakozwe na MINITRAP ryerekana agaciro umutungo wari ufite igihe yawuguraga hakaba n’irindi genagaciro ryakozwe muri 2008 ryerekana agaciro umutungo wari ufite igihe wasubizwaga Abazungura ba Rwamanywa. Avuga ko igenagaciro rya nyuma (2008) ryerekana ko ubu Abazungura ba Rwamanywa bari mu mutungo ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 64, mu gihe umutungo wabo wari ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 3.
[19] Avuga ko ibyo yongeye kuri uwo mutungo bigaragazwa n’ibintu bitatu:
Inyandiko z’igenagaciro zavuzwe haruguru, kandi zashyizwe muri dosiye;
Urubanza No RC 36. 294/01 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali ku wa 12/02/2003, muri rusanze yarwo ya 7, urupapuro rwa 5. Avuga ko muri urwo rubanza, hemejwe ko hari ibyo yongeye ku nzu;
Imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bose bemeje ko hari ibyongewe kuri uwo mutungo ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’aho inzu iherereye bukaba ariko bubyemeza.
[20] Me Nzabahimana Augustin Néto wunganira Mugenga Joseph avuga ko Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bitiranya amafaranga yaguzwe inzu iburanwa no kwikungahaza nta mpamvu, ko icyo Mugenga Joseph asaba ari amafaranga y’ibyo yongeye ku nzu basubijwe, ko atishyuza amafaranga yayiguze. Avuga kandi ko Mugenga Joseph atubatse “annexe” gusa, ko ahubwo n’inzu yayivuguruye, icyo asaba akaba ari agaciro k’ibyo byose yongeyeho, atari ukuyisenya.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[21] Ibimenyetso Mugenga Joseph atanga ahamya ko hari ibyo yongeye ku nzu, bigizwe n’inyandiko y’igenagaciro yakozwe na Minisiteri y’Ibikorwaremezo n’Ingufu ku wa 07/03/1997, inyandiko y’igenagaciro yakozwe na Ir Batanage Louis ku wa 31/10/2008 ku busabe bwa Mugenga Joseph, inyandiko y’ubuhamya bwatanzwe ku wa 15/10/2014 n’abitwa Habimana Pierre, Busogi Emmanuel na Hakizabera Louis imbere y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Rukiri ya I Mukasano Gaudence, n’urubanza No RC 36. 294/01 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali ku wa 12/02/2003, muri rusanze yarwo ya 7, urupapuro rwa 5. Mu bika bikurikira, urukiko rurasuzuma agaciro ka buri cyose muri ibi bimenyetso.
i. Inyandiko y’igenagaciro yakozwe na Ir Batanage Louis
[22] Ku bijyanye n’inyandiko y’igenagaciro yakozwe na Ir Batanage Louis ku wa 31/10/2008, Urukiko rusanga itagenderwaho muri uru rubanza kuko yakozwe ku busabe bwa Mugenga Joseph, abandi baburanyi batabigizemo uruhare. Icyakora, n’ubwo igenagaciro ryakozwe na Minisiteri y’Ibikorwaremezo n’Ingufu ku wa 07/03/1997 ryari ryasabwe na Mugenga Joseph, nta cyabuza ko ryifashishwa n’Umugenagaciro washyizweho n’Urukiko amaze kumvikanwaho n’ababuranyi, kugirango agaragaze ibyaba byarongewe ku nzu kuva mu mwaka wa 1997, kugeza igihe Mugenga Joseph yayiviriyemo mu mwaka wa 2008 n’agaciro kabyo, kuko ryakozwe imanza zitarabaho kandi rigakorwa n’Urwego rwa Leta.
[23] Umugenagaciro Havugimana Justin washyizweho n’Urukiko, muri raporo yarushyikirije ku wa 25/04/2019, yagaragaje ko hari ibyongewe ku nzu iburanwa bifite agaciro ka 10.577.136 Frw, inzu ntoya (annexe) yongewe mu kibanza ifite agaciro ka 6.328.659 Frw, n’ibyakozwe mu rwego rwo gutunganya igipangu ku gaciro ka 7.633.672 Frw bigizwe ahanini n’urugo rw’amatafari ahiye, urugi rw’igipangu, parikingi, umuyoboro w’amazi n’ikigega cy’amazi.
[24] Ibyo ababuranira Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bavuga ko raporo y’umugenagaciro itashingirwaho atabanje kugaragaza “échantillon” y’ibiciro yahereyeho byo mu mwaka wa 2008, Urukiko rurasanga bitahabwa ishingiro kuko umugenagaciro yasobanuye ko yagendeye ku biciro byari ku isoko muri uwo mwaka, yifashishije ibyo yakoreshaga nk’umunyamwuga icyo gihe, ibi bisobanuro bikaba byumvikana. Urukiko rurasanga nta cyatuma rutifashisha iyi raporo y’umugenagaciro, cyane ko abavuga ko idakwiye gukoreshwa badahakana ko yakozwe n’umunyamwuga ubifitemo ubumenyi, bakaba batanagaragaza ibindi biciro byifashishwaga n’abanyamwuga bivuguruza ibyo uwashyizweho n’Urukiko yagendeyeho.
ii. Inyandiko yasinyiwe imbere y’Umunyamabanga
[25] Inyandiko igaragaza ko yasinyiwe imbere y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Rukiri ya I Mukasano Gaudence ku wa 15/10/2014, ikubiyemo imvugo z’abatangabuhamya Habimana Pierre, Busogi Emmanuel na Hakizabera Louis, bemeza ko bari baturanye na Mugenga Joseph mu Mudugudu w’Ukwezi, nyuma y’uko ahaguze ikibanza kirimo inzu ituzuye, akayikoraho ibikorwa bigaragara byayongereye agaciro. Bavuga ko bimwe muri ibyo bikorwa ari ukuvugurura inzu ashyiraho ibikoresho biramba, kubaka “annexe” no kubaka uruzitiro rw’amatafari ahiye yasimbuje imiyenzi. Urukiko rurasanga nta cyatuma izi mvugo zidahabwa agaciro, mu gihe zakorewe imbere y’umuyobozi wemeje ko abo baturage bari batuye mu Kagari ka Rukiri ya I aho inzu iburanwa iherereye. Izi mvugo zihuza n’ibyagaragajwe n’umugenagaciro washyizweho n’Urukiko, ahereye ku byo yabwiwe n’ababuranyi ku mpande zombi.
iii. Urubanza No RC 36. 294/01 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali
[26] Ku bijyanye n’urubanza No RC 36. 294/01 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali ku wa 12/02/2003, Urukiko rurasanga ibivugwa muri rusanze yarwo ya 7, ku rupapuro rwa 5 atari ikimenyetso ko hari ibyongewe ku nzu, kuko umucamanza yavuze gusa ko ntacyo yabivugaho mu gihe bitari byaregewe Urukiko.
[27] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe n’Umugenagaciro washyizweho n’Urukiko, no ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya, Urukiko rurasanga hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku nzu no mu kibanza yasubije abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie, aribo Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle. Mu ngingo zikurikira, harasuzumwa niba ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku mutungo uburanwa yabyishyurwa n’uwabimwishyura.
B. Kumenya niba Mugenga Joseph agomba kwishyurwa ibyo yongeye ku mutungo yasubije n’uwabimwishyura.
[28] Me Rwabukamba Moussa uburanira Nishimwe Claudine na Me Nsengiyumva Abel uburanira Mashami Gisèle bavuga ko niba hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph agomba kwishyurwa, atari abo bunganira babyishyura kubera impamvu zikurikira:
Hashingiwe ku rubanza Nº RC 24.199/95/S1 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali ku wa 16/01/1996, ku rupapuro rwarwo rwa kabiri, ugomba kubazwa ibyongewe ku mutungo wasubijwe Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle ni Kabagema Ferdinand; kubera ko muri urwo rubanza hemejwe ko yagurishije ibitari ibye ;
Urukiko Rukuru rwagaragaje ko Mugenga Joseph yaguze mu buryarya, nyuma rurivuguruza, ruvugisha ingingo za 311 na 312 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano icyo zitavuga, kuko iyo ruzishingiraho, ibivugwa ko byongewe ku nzu byari kuryozwa Kabagema. Mugenga yaguze azi neza ko inzu atari iya Kabagema, uyu nawe azi neza ko inzu atari iye kuko yari yanditse kuri Rwamanywa Jérémie;
Kuba nta masezerano y’ubugure Mugenga Joseph yigeze agirana n’abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie ntacyo akwiye kubasaba; haramutse hari n’ibyo yabaza ntiyabihabwa kubera ko yabaye muri iyo nzu nta mafaranga y’ubukode yishyura kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 2008 ayikurwamo
Ibyo Mugenga Joseph avuga ko Nishimwe Claudine na MASHAMI Gisèle baramutse badasubije inyongeragaciro yashyize ku mutungo basubiranye byaba ari ukwikungahaza nta mpamvu, basanga atari byo, kandi biramutse binabaye byaba bireba Kabagema Ferdinand wagurishije ibitari ibye.
[29] Mugenga Joseph yasubije kuri izo mpamvu avuga ko:
Ibijyanye n’uko Abazungura ba Rwamanywa aribo bagomba kwishyura byasobanuwe mu manza baburanye, amategeko yashingiweho akaba arengera uwaguze mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko aho guha Abazungura ba Rwamanywa uburyo bwo kwikungahaza nta mpamvu;
Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru yasobanuye neza ko kuba yaraguze mu buryarya, n’ubwo we atabyemera, bitatuma atakaza ibyo yakoze. Umucamanza wabyemeje gutyo akaba atarivuguruje nk’uko abarega babivuga, ahubwo akaba yaragaragaje ko abungukiye mu byo yakoze aribo bagomba kwishyura ibyo yakoresheje;
Agura nta buryarya yagize; “fiche cadastrale” yari yanditse kuri Rwamanywa Jérémie, hakorwa “transfert” kuri Kabagema Ferdinand. Avuga ko ashobora kuba atarashishoje, ngo arebe icyo amategeko ateganya ku bubasha bwa “tuteur”, kuko Kabagema yavugaga ko ari we “tuteur” w’abana.
[30] Mugenga Joseph yongeraho ko inkiko zabanje zamuhaye amafaranga make ugereranyije n’ibyo yongeye ku nzu iburanwa, ko ashingiye ku rubanza Nº RCAA 0018/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/02/2012, haburana Harerimana Emmanuel na Sebukayire, asanga akwiye gusubizwa agaciro k’ibyo yongeye ku mutungo uburanwa nk’uko amategeko abiteganya. Avuga ko urubanza Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bitwaza ntaho ruhuriye n’ibirimo kuburanwa ubu, kubera ko ibyo yishyuza ari amafaranga yashyize ku nzu yeguriwe Nishimwe na Mashami akaba ataburana amafaranga yahaye Kabagema.
[31] Me Nzabahimana Augustin Néto wunganira Mugenga Joseph avuga ko Abazungura ba Rwamanywa bagomba gusubiza Mugenga Joseph ikinyuranyo cya miliyoni 64 arenga ku gaciro k’inzu yaguzwe kugira ngo batikungahaza nta mpamvu, ko kandi kuba aribo bahawe umutungo uburanwa aribo bagomba gusubiza icyo kinyuranyo.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
i. Ibyongewe ku mutungo bitari inyubako nshya
[32] Nta ngingo y’amategeko isobanura uko bigenda mu gihe umuntu yaguze umutungo utimukanwa n’utari nyirawo, nyuma nyirawo agasaba gusubizwa umutungo we, kandi hari ibyo uwari wawuguze yongeyeho adashaka guhomba. Ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko, “umucamanza aca urubanza ashingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko zirebana n’ikirego yaregewe. Iyo nta tegeko rijyanye n’ikiburanwa ashingira ku mategeko asanga yashyiraho mu gihe yaba ashinzwe kuyashyiraho, yifashishije ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa n’inkiko, umuco, amahame rusange agenga amategeko n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko”.
[33] Hari ihame rusange mu rwego rw’amategeko rivuga ko umugurisha(vendeur) yishingira ko uwo agurishije atagira ikimuhungabanya mu butunzi bw’icyaguzwe(garantie en cas d’éviction)[1] . Hagendewe kuri iryo hame, umugurisha agomba kwishyura cyangwa agasaba ko umuguzi yishyurwa n’umuvutsa ibyo yaguze (ushobora kuba ari nyirabyo w’ukuri/ “le véritable proriétaire”), ibintu byose by’ingirakamaro yatanze asana cyangwa yongerera agaciro ibyaguzwe bitimukanwa(fonds). Ibi bisobanura ko, mu gihe uwaguze avukijwe inzu yaguze, atagomba guhomba ibyo yashyizeho by’ingirakamaro ayisana cyangwa ayongerera agaciro. Icyo gihe, uwamugurishije agomba kubimwishyura cyangwa agasaba ubimuvutsa kumwishyura. Iyo umugurisha yagurishije mu buryarya, agomba kwishyura ubwe ibyashyizweho bitari ingirakamaro (dépenses non utiles), ahubwo by’umurimbo (voluptuaires ou d’agrément), kandi ntashobora gusaba uwavukije inzu uwo yayigurishije kuba ariwe ubyishyura.
[34] Ibimaze kuvugwa, bigomba guhuzwa n’ihame ryo kutikungahaza nta mpamvu nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye. Mu gihe umugurisha atariwe uzagira inyungu (tirer profit) yo gukoresha ibyongeweho muri ubwo buryo, n’iyo yabyishyura mu rwego rw’ubwishingire aba yarijeje uwaguze ko ntawe uzamuvana mu mutungo we, yasubira inyuma akishyuza ubifite kugirango hatabaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu (enrichissement sans cause); bivuga rero ko ugomba kubyishyura ari uzabikoresha akabigiramo inyungu. Icyakora, mu gihe umugurisha yagurishije iby’undi mu buryarya, niwe ubwe wishingira ibyongewe ku mutungo wagurishijwe by’umurimbo nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru.
[35] Ibyavuzwe mu bika bibanza bihura n’ibyo Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura mu buryo burambuye, babihuza n’icyo bita “la théorie des impenses” bishatse kuvuga ibyakozwe ku mutungo utimukanwa n’umuntu ugomba kuwusubiza nyirawo[2].
[36] Umuhanga mu mategeko Christian LARROUMET asobanura ko, inkiko zagiye zikoresha “théorie des impenses” ikomoka mu Baromani, zigendeye ku ihame ry’uko ntawe ugomba kwikungahaza nta mpamvu, mu gukemura ibibazo hagati ya nyiri ikintu (propriétaire) n’uwagize icyo acyongeraho[3]. Asobanura ko muri iyo ntekerezo (théorie), hatabaho gutandukanya uwagize icyo yongera ku mutungo utari uwe nta buryarya (de bonne foi) cyangwa mu buryarya(de mauvaise foi)[4]. Umuhanga mu mategeko Patrice JOURDAIN nawe asobanura ko usaba gusubizwa umutungo utimukanwa, agomba kwishyura uwambuwe uwo mutungo ibyo yashyizeho byitwa “impenses”. Avuga ko inkiko zasobanuye ibigenderwaho mu kwishyura, bidaturuka ku kuba uwambuwe umutungo yarawubonye nta buryarya (de bonne foi) cyangwa mu buryarya (de mauvaise foi), ahubwo bituruka ku miterere y’ibyakozwe [5]. Ibi ni nabyo bigarukwaho n’abahanga mu mategeko nka François TERRE na Philippe SIMLER[6].
[37] Aba Bahanga mu mategeko bashyira mu byiciro bitatu imiterere y’ibyakozwe ku mutungo utimukanwa n’umuntu ugomba kuwusubiza nyirawo (nature des impenses) :
Ibyakozwe biri ngombwa (les impenses nécessaires), ni ukuvuga ibyari ngombwa gukora mu rwego rwo kubungabunga umutungo, ku buryo iyo bidakorwa umutungo wari kwangirika cyangwa ugatakaza agaciro. Ibyo bigomba gusubizwa uko biri uwabyongeye ku mutungo utari uwe, n’ubwo yaba yarawubonye mu buryarya[7] ;
Ibyakozwe bifite akamaro (les impenses utiles), ni ukuvuga ibyakozwe bitari ngombwa ariko bikongerera agaciro umutungo.
Uwabikoze asubizwa agaciro k’ibyo yongeye ku mutungo, karebewe igihe byemejwe ko asubiza uwo mutungo[8]
Ibyakozwe by’umurimbo, ni ukuvuga ibyakozwe bitari ngombwa, bigakorwa gusa mu rwego rwo gushaka ibinogeye ijisho. Uwabikoze ntashobora gusaba gusubizwa agaciro kabyo, ariko afite uburenganzira bwo kubivanaho igihe yashobora kubikora ntacyangiritse[9].
[38] Ibi bisobanuro by’Abahanga mu mategeko, bihujwe n’ibikubiye mu bika bya 33 na 34 by’uru rubanza, byumvikanisha ko:
Mu gihe umuntu yaguze umutungo utimukanwa n’utari nyirawo, bikaba ngombwa ko awusubiza nyirawo w’ukuri kandi hari ibyo yongeyeho bitari ibyo yubatse cyangwa yateye bishya, asubizwa ibyo yongeyeho hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo;
Abisubizwa na nyiri umutungo w’ukuri wawusubiranye kugirango hatabaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu;
Ntihabaho kureba niba yarawubonye mu buryarya cyangwa nta buryarya;
Ku byakozwe biri ngombwa, asubizwa agaciro yabikoreshejeho (remboursement intégral);
Ku byakozwe bifite akamaro, asubizwa agaciro karebewe igihe byemejwe ko asubiza umutungo;
Ku byakozwe by’umurimbo, ntabyo yishyurwa na nyiri umutungo w’ukuri, icyakora ashobora gusaba ko uwamugurishije abyishyura iyo yamugurishije mu buryarya.
[39] Hakurikijwe ibyavuzwe mu bika bya 24 na 26 by’uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku nzu yasubije abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie, bigizwe n’ibi bikurikira:
Kubaka m2 0.69 n’amatafari ya rukarakara, gushyiraho “claustra” na “moustiquaires”, no gushyira urugarika ku muzenguruko w’inzu n’inkingi (389.950 Frw);
Gukora igisenge (1.115475 Frw):
• Ahindura amabati, akavanaho “tôles simples galvanisées” zari zisanzweho agashyiraho “tôles autoportants”;
• Yongeraho: “vernes en tubes métallique” kuri “charpente”, “planche de rive”, “gouttière en plastique”, na “tuyau de descente" ;
Gukora “pavement” ya “trottoir”, gushyira amakaro(carreaux) mu nzu, gushyiraho “plinthe" no gusiga karabasasu
“crepissage” (1.056.583 Frw);
Gushyira “plafond” mu nzu (1.217.487 Frw);
Gusiga irangi (2.693.612 Frw);
Gushyira inzugi mu nzu no gusiga irangi ku nzugi z’ibyuma n’amadirishya byari bisanzwe ku nzu (591.030 Frw);
Gushyira amashanyarazi mu nzu (588.000 Frw);
Gushyira “sanitaires” mu nzu na “plomberie” (2.925.000 Frw);
Gutunganya hanze mu gipangu hashyirwaho urugo rw’amatafari ahiye, urugi, parikingi, rigole na “citerne” y’amazi byagize uruhare mu kongerera inzu agaciro (7.633.672 Frw);
Ibyongewe ku nzu byose hamwe bifite agaciro ka 10.577.136 Frw + 7.633.672 Frw = 18.210.808 Frw, ako gaciro kakaba kabariwe ku mwaka wa 2008 igihe MUGENGA Joseph yasubizaga inzu.
[40] Harebwe imiterere y’imirimo yakozwe, Urukiko rurasanga ibyakozwe byose bifite akamaro (impenses utiles), bikaba byarongereye agaciro k’inzu. Ku bijyanye by’umwihariko n’igisenge cy’inzu, Inkiko zibanza zavuze ko ibyakozwe bitafatwa nk’ibyari bifite akamaro (impenses utiles) mu gihe inzu yari isanzwe isakaye(hariho “charpente” y’ibiti na “tôles simples”), ariko uru Rukiko rurasanga kuba “charpente” yarongewemo ibyuma, amabati asanzwe (tôles simples) agasimbuzwa “tôles autoportants” akomeye kandi aramba kurushaho, bitafatwa nk’ibyakozwe by’umurimbo (impenses voluptuaires) kuko byatumye inzu ikomera kurushaho kandi bikayongerera agaciro.
[41] Urukiko rurasanga, hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibisobanuro by’abahanga byagaragajwe mu bika bibanza, Mugenga Joseph agomba gusubizwa agaciro k’ibyo yongeye ku nzu bifite akamaro (bitari inyubako nshya ziza kurebwa mu ngingo zikurikira), akabyishyurwa n’abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie basubiranye inzu, aribo Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle. Urukiko rurasanga rero Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bagomba gusubiza Mugenga Joseph 18.210.808 Frw.
ii. Inyubako nshya zashyizwe mu kibanza
[42] Ingingo ya 35 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 03/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rikuraho Itegeko Ngenga No 08/2005 ryo ku wa 14/07/2005 rigenga imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda, igika cya 3, iteganya ko « mu gihe inyubako cyangwa se ibihingwa byashyizwe n’undi muntu ku butaka butari ubwe, hadakurikijwe ibisabwa n’amategeko cyangwa amasezerano (procedures that are contrary to laws or agreement with land owner), nyir’ubutaka afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba uwabishyizeho kubikuraho bitabujije no gusaba impozamarira cyangwa indishyi mu gihe hari ibikorwa bye byangijwe ».
[43] Ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo, bireba inyubako cyangwa ibihingwa byashyizwe ku butaka bw’undi, bikaba bitandukanye n’ibyongerewe ku mutungo usanzweho mu rwego rwo kuwusana cyangwa kuwongerera agaciro. Ibi nibyo bisobanurwa n’Umuhanga mu mategeko Patrice JOURDAIN avuga ko inyubako nshyashya n’ibihingwa bidafatwa nk’ibyakozwe/ibyongerewe ku mutungo utimukanwa (les impenses)[10]. Ni nabyo kandi bisobanurwa n’abahanga mu mategeko nka François TERRE na Philippe SIMLER[11], mu gusesengura ingingo ya 555 y’amategeko mbonezamubano y’abafaransa ikubiyemo ibitekerezo bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 35 y’Itegeko rigenga imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda yavuzwe haruguru.
[44] Ku bijyanye n’inyubako nshya cyangwa ibihingwa byashyizwe ku butaka bw’undi, igitekerezo cy’umushingamategeko mu ngingo ya 35 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 03/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru ni uko mu gihe byashyizweho mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, nyir’ubutaka afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko uwabishyizeho abikuraho. Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa muri iyi ngingo, birumvikana ko mu gihe umuntu yashyize inyubako nshya ku butaka yaguze n’utari nyirabwo, azi neza ko uwo baguze atari nyirabwo, aba yashyizeho izo nyubako mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kuko kugurisha umutungo w’undi ari uguhungabanya uburenganzira awufiteho, kandi bikaba bibujijwe n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite, kandi ko umutungo bwite w’umuntu ari ntavogerwa[12]. Ibi bikaba bitandukanye n’igihe uwaguze atigeze amenya ko uwo baguze atari nyir’ubutaka, akagura azi ko yanyuze mu nzira zikurikije amategeko.
[45] Muri uru rubanza, Mugenga Joseph yaguze na Kabagema Ferdinand inzu iri mu kibanza cyanditse kuri Rwamanywa Jérémie. Mugenga Joseph yemereye mu Rukiko ko « fiche cadastrale » yari yanditse kuri Rwamanywa Jérémie, bivuga ko yaguze na Kabagema Ferdinand azi neza ko inzu baguze n’ikibanza yubatseho atari ibye. Ibyo Mugenga Joseph avuga ko Kabagema Ferdinand yari « tuteur de droit » w’abana ba Rwamanywa Jérémie, ntacyo bihindura ku kuba yaraguze n’utari nyiri umutungo kandi abizi, kuko umwishingizi w’abana adafite ububasha bwo kugurisha umutungo wabo atabiherewe uburenganzira n’Inama y’Ubwishingire, ahubwo ashinzwe kuwurinda no kuwubacungira nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo za 389[13] na 388[14] z’Itegeko No 42/1988 rishyiraho Interuro y’ibanze n’Igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano yakoreshwaga igihe ubugure bwabaga.
[46] Hakurikijwe ibyagaragajwe na raporo y’umuhanga mu igenagaciro washyizweho n’Urukiko, Mugenga Joseph yashyize inyubako nshya yiswe « annexe » mu kibanza cyarimo inzu yaguze. Urukiko rusanga iyo nyubako yarashyizwe mu kibanza hadakurikijwe ibisabwa n’amategeko, kuko yashyizwe ku butaka Mugenga Joseph yaguze n’utari nyirabwo kandi abizi nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika kibanza.
[47] Urukiko rurasanga rero, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 35 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 03/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, nyir’ubutaka ni ukuvuga abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie aribo Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle, bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba Mugenga Joseph gukuraho inyubako nshya yiswe « annexe » yashyize mu kibanza basubijwe. Icyakora, mu gihe basanga atari ngombwa gukoresha ubwo burenganzira bagahitamo kugumana iyo nyubako, bagomba kumvikana na Mugenga Joseph ku gaciro bamusubiza. Uyu murongo, ugendeye ku ihame rya “equity/équité”, ni nawo wafashwe mu zindi manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, by’umwihariko:
Urubanza No RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0012/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 18/01/2019, haburana Kayitsinga Alexis, Kanyamibwa Immaculée na Nsangineza Célestin (igika cya 52 na 66);
Urubanza No RS/INJUST/RC 0006/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 18/01/2019, haburana Nibasenge Anathalie na Nahayo François Xavier (igika cya 33 na 43).
[48] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe ku bijyanye no kumenya niba Mugenga Joseph agomba kwishyurwa ibyo yongeye ku mutungo yasubije n’uwabimwishyura, Urukiko rurasanga Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bagomba kumwishyura ibyo yongeye ku nzu bifite akamaro, bihwanye na 18.210.808 Frw. Naho ku bijyanye n’inyubako nshya yashyizwe mu kibanza yiswe “annexe”, Urukiko rurasanga mu gihe Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bahitamo kuyigumana, bakumvikana na Mugenga Joseph ku gaciro bamusubiza, bitashoboka Mugenga Joseph akayivanaho.
C. Gusuzuma Indishyi zasabwe
i. Indishyi zasabwe na Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle
▪ Amafaranga y’ubukode bw’inzu kuva Mugenga Joseph ayigiyemo mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kugeza ayivuyemo
[49] Me Nsengiyumva Abel wunganira Nishimwe Claudine na Me Abasa Fazil wunganira Mashami Gisèle bavuga ko Mugenga Joseph agomba gutanga indishyi zingana na 97.250.000 Frw kuko batigeze bamwishyuza amafaranga y’ubukode bw’igihe cyose yamaze mu nzu iburanwa, ni ukuvuga kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 2008, zibazwe ku mafaranga 450.000 ku kwezi mu myaka 14 yamaranye iyo nzu.
[50] Mugenga Joseph avuga ko izi ndishyi asabwa nta shingiro zifite, kuko yabaye muri iyo nzu kubera ko yari yarayiguze, kandi ikaba yari imwanditseho kugeza mu 2008 ubwo yayikurwagamo bitegetswe n’Urukiko, akaba rero yarabaga mu mutungo we kandi akaba atarawukodeshaga. Avuga ko atagomba kuryozwa indishyi zo kuba mu mutungo yafataga nk’uwe kugeza awukuwemo, ko kandi 450.000 Frw bita ko ari ay’ubukode atumva ishingiro ryayo kubera ko nta n’amasezerano y’ubukode Nishimwe Claudine na MashamI Gisèle berekana uretse kubivuga gusa.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[51] Hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatanzwe na Habimana Pierre, Busogi Emmanuel na Hakizabera Louis, Mugenga Joseph yaguze inzu iburanwa ituzuye, ibyo bigahura n’ibivugwa muri raporo y’igenagaciro yakozwe na Minisiteri y’Ibikorwaremezo n’Ingufu ku wa 07/03/1997. Urukiko rurasanga Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle batagaragaza uko inzu ituzuye, ifite agaciro ka 3.169.145 Frw, yashoboraga gukodeshwa 450.000 Frw ku kwezi nk’uko babiburanisha, ngo babe barayatakaje mu gihe bamaze batayifite. Urukiko rukaba rusanga Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle batarabashije kugaragaza uko babara igihombo baba baratewe no kudashobora gukoresha inzu yabo. Urukiko rukaba rusanga rero 97.250.000 Frw basaba batayahabwa. Icyakora kubera igihe bamaze baravukijwe inzu yabo (perte de jouissance), kandi MUGENGA Joseph yarayibonye mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, Urukiko rurasanga bagenerwa mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw.
▪ Indishyi z’akababaro, ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka
[52] Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle basaba Mugenga Joseph kubishyura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw kubera ko nawe yemera ko ibyo yaguze atabiguze na nyirabyo, akanabishyura 3.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[53] Urukiko rurasanga mu rubanza No RC 36.294/01 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali ku wa 12/02/2003, “Succession” Rwamanywa Jérémie yaregagamo Mugenga Joseph isaba gusubizwa inzu ivugwa muri uru rubanza, uwari uhagarariye abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie yarabasabiye indishyi z’akababaro kubera ko bandagaye kandi bari bafite aho batuye, Urukiko rubagenera 300.000 Frw. Urukiko rukaba rusanga rero, mu gihe indishyi z’akababaro zamaze gutangwa mu rubanza rumaze kuvugwa rwabaye itegeko, zitakongera kugarukwaho muri uru rubanza.
[54] Ku bijyanye n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, Urukiko rurasanga Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle batayahabwa kuko hari ibyo batsindiwe mu rubanza.
iii. Indishyi zasabwe na Mugenga Joseph mu bujurire bwuririye ku bundi
[55] Mugenga Joseph asaba ko Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle bamuha indishyi z’akababaro kubera guhozwa mu nkiko zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, 1.500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[56] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro kubera guhozwa mu manza Mugenga Joseph asaba atazihabwa kuko gusiragizwa mu manza bitangirwa amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, kandi uretse n’ibyo, abo azisaba bakaba bafite ibyo batsindiye.
[57] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Mugenga Joseph asaba atayahabwa kuko hari ibyo atsindiwe mu rubanza.
III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO
[58] Rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe na Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe;
[59] Rwemeje ko urubanza No RCA 0517/15/HC/KIG-RCA 0538/15/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/04/2016, ruhindutse kuri bimwe;
[60] Rwemeje ko hari ibyo Mugenga Joseph yongeye ku nzu no mu kibanza yasubije abazungura ba Rwamanywa Jérémie, aribo Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle;
[61] Rutegetse Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle kwishyura Mugenga Joseph 18.210.808 Frw y’agaciro k’ ibyo yongeye ku nzu;
[62] Rutegetse Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle kwishyura Mugenga Joseph amafaranga bazaba bumvikanyeho y’agaciro k’inzu yongewe mu kibanza yiswe « annexe », mu gihe bahisemo kuyigumana, bitashoboka Mugenga Joseph akayivanaho;
[63] Rutegetse Mugenga Joseph kwishyura Nishimwe Claudine na Mashami Gisèle 2.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’igihe bamaze baravukijwe inzu yabo;
[64] Rutegetse ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe muri uru rubanza ihwanye n’ibyarukozwemo.
[1] “obligation pour le vendeur de défendre l’acquéreur contre le trouble apporté par autrui à sa possession et de l’indemniser au cas où la propriété de la chose vendue serait reconnue appartenir à un tiers ou grevée de droits réels”; Gérard CORNU, Vocabulaire juridique, 6ème éd., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1996, p.388.
[8] « Les impenses utiles sont celles qui, sans être indispensables, ont procuré une plus-value à l’immeuble (par exemple, extension de la surface utile ou surélévation, installation du chauffage central, de l’eau courante, d’un ascenseur, travaux de drainage du sol). La restitution en est due au possesseur, même de mauvaise foi, mais seulement jusqu’à concurrence de la plus-value appréciée au jour où la revendication est admise »; François TERRE et Philippe SI « Les impenses voluptuaires ou somptuaires sont des dépenses de pur luxe ou agrément, effectuées en vue de
satisfaire les goûts personnels de celui qui les a engagées………Le possesseur ne peut jamais demander l’indemnité
pour de telles impenses, mais il a la faculté d’enlever les objets apposés sur le fonds, s’il est possible de le faire sans
dégradation » ; François TERRE et Philippe SIMLER, op.cit., p. 413.
« Les impenses voluptuaires ou somptuaires sont des améliorations de pur agrément pour celui qui les a effectuées.
Elles n’apportent aucune plus-value appréciable à l’immeuble. Aucune indemnisation n’est due et le propriétaire
peut même exiger la disparition des travaux » ; Christian LARROUMET, op.cit., p. 373.
« Les impenses voluptuaires qui ont un caractère de luxe ou de pur agrément et satisfont surtout le gout personnel
de celui qui les a engagées, ne donnent pas lieu à indemnité. Le possesseur évincé pourrait d’ailleurs enlever les
ornements qu’il aurait ajoutés au fonds, à charge de ne pas détériorer celui-ci » ; Patrice JOURDAIN, op.cit., p. 282. MLER, op. cit., p. 413.
[9]« Les impenses voluptuaires ou somptuaires sont des dépenses de pur luxe ou agrément, effectuées en vue de satisfaire les goûts personnels de celui qui les a engagées………Le possesseur ne peut jamais demander l’indemnité pour de telles impenses, mais il a la faculté d’enlever les objets apposés sur le fonds, s’il est possible de le faire sans dégradation » ; François TERRE et Philippe SIMLER, op.cit., p. 413.
« Les impenses voluptuaires ou somptuaires sont des améliorations de pur agrément pour celui qui les a effectuées. Elles n’apportent aucune plus-value appréciable à l’immeuble. Aucune indemnisation n’est due et le propriétaire peut même exiger la disparition des travaux » ; Christian LARROUMET, op.cit., p. 373.
« Les impenses voluptuaires qui ont un caractère de luxe ou de pur agrément et satisfont surtout le gout personnel de celui qui les a engagées, ne donnent pas lieu à indemnité. Le possesseur évincé pourrait d’ailleurs enlever les ornements qu’il aurait ajoutés au fonds, à charge de ne pas détériorer celui-ci » ; Patrice JOURDAIN, op.cit., p. 282.