Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

MUKASHEMA v. AKAYEZU

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCAA 0040/15/CS (Kayitesi.R, P.J., Gakwaya na Gatete, J.) 29 Mata 2016]

Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano – Ubujurire – Itangwa ry’ ikimenyetso gishya – Agaciro k’inyandiko itanzwe nyuma y’iburanisha – Igihe habayeho gupfundikira iburanisha ry’urubanza hakaboneka inyandiko nshya ntishingirwaho igihe hatabayeho isubukura ry’iburanisha.

Amategeko agenga amasezerano – Igurisha – Uburenganzira ku kugurisha umutungo wahawe n’utarinyirawo – Umuntu ntagira uburenganzira bwo kugurisha umutungo utari uwe kuko umutungo bwite, uw’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi ntuvogerwa – Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 ryavuguruwe mu mwaka wa 2015, ingingo ya 34(2.

Amategeko agenga amasezerano – Ubugure – Indishyi – Ingaruka zo kugura umutungo n’utari nyirawo kandi ubizi neza – Nta ndishyi zitangwa igihe uweguriwe ikintu yari azi ko ashobora kucyamburwa igihe yaguraga cyangwa yaraguze yemera n’ingaruka zose – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 276 na 306.

Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku inzu yasizwe Kagaju n’umugabo we Mwanafunzi nyuma yo gupfa bazize genocide yakorewe abatutsi maze igasigara icunzwe na Musenyeri Ruzindana wari murumuna wa Mwanafunzi.

Musenyeri Ruzindana yaje guha Mukashema iyo nzu avuga ko ntawasigaye wo mu muryango wa Kagaju na Mwanafunzi, nyuma yo gubwa iyo nzu Mukashema yagurishije umugabo wa Akayezu ku mafaranga 230.000.

Nyuma y’imyaka 8 umugabo wa Akayezu aguze iyo nzu amaze no kuyisana, habonetse uwitwa Mukundwa waje yemeza ko ari umwana wa Mwanafunzi, haza no kuba urubanza RC 0057/08/TGI/HYE rwemeje ko iyo nzu yegurirwa uwo mwana Mukundwa, rutegeka Musenyeri wayitanze kwishyura Akayezu amafaranga anagana 1.000.000 y’agaciro k’iyo nzu n’ibyayikozweho, ariko umuryango we ugaya iyo ngurane, ujuririra icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko Musenyeri Ruzindana ataryozwa ubwishyu bwa amafaranga 1.000.000 yari yaciwe kuko atarebwa n’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’inzu.

Hagati aho umugabo wa Akayezu yitabye Imana, Akayezu aba ariwe ukomeza urubanza maze arega Mukashema mu Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye kubera ko yamugurishije inzu itari iye, asaba ko amusubiza amafaranga 24.750.225 y’agaciro iyo nzu ifite ubu kubera ibyayikozweho nyuma yo kugura.

Mukashema yaburanye yemera kuzishyura Akayezu amafaranga 230,000 yakiriye agurisha inzu kuko yeguriwe iyo nzu nta buryarya. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje ko asubiza Akayezu frw 230.000 yakiriye agurisha inzu ubu yeguriwe Mukundwa, umuzungura wa Mwanafunzi.

Akayezu yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwa Nyanza maze rwemeza ko Mukashema yishyura Akayezu amafaranga 5.000.000 agizwe n’ikiguzi cy’inzu igihe yagurwaga (frw 230.000), n’agaciro ifite ubu kagenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, kubera ko nyuma yo guhabwa inzu Mukashema atashishoje ngo amenye ko hari umuzungura wa Mwanafunzi, akabirengaho agurisha iyo nzu kandi atari umuzungura we, bityo rutegeka ko urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose.

Mukashema yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko nta kimenyetso Urukiko rwashingiyeho kigaragaza ko yagize ubushishozi bucye agurisha inzu, ko kandi rutigeze rugaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho niba hari ibyongewe ku nzu iburanwa cyangwa hubatswe indi, rutegeka kwishyura indishyi zihwanye na amafaranga 5.000.000 ntaho rushingiye uretse ku gushingira ku ikimenyetso Akayezu yazanye ariko iburanisha ryaramaze gupfundikirwa maze rugishingiraho rufata icyemezo kandi kitarigeze kigibwaho impaka, ku bwe akaba asanga yakwishyura amafaranga 230.000 yari yahawe agurisha inzu.

Akayezu yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi avuga ko igenegaciro ryakozwe remeje agaciro ka amafaranga 24.250.222 bari basabye Urukiko maze rukabagenera gusa amafaranga 5.000.000, bakanasaba amafaranga 1.000.000 akubiyemo igihembo cya Avoka ku rwego rw’ubujurire n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza.

Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Igihe habayeho gupfundikira iburanisha ry’urubanza hakaboneka inyandiko muri rusange, imyanzuro y’urubanza n’inyandiko ikubiyemo ingingo ziburanishwa bishobora kohererezwa urukiko ariko hakabaho kongera gufungura iburanisha maze ababuranyi bagahabwa umwanya wo kukijyaho impaka kuba rero bitarakozwe byumvikana ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa rushingira icyemezo cyarwo ku kimenyetso cy’inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’Akagali ka Buhimba hatabayeho isubukura ry’iburanisha, bityo iryo kosa rikaba rigomba gukosorwa, uru Rukiko rugaca urubanza rudashingiye kuri icyo kimenyetso.

2. Umutungo bwite, uw’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi ntuvogerwa, kuba rero Mukashema mu masezerano y’ubugure yaragaraje ko inzu agurisha atariye byerekana ko nta buranganzira yari afite bwo kuyigurisha bityo rero akaba yaravogerereye umutungo utari uwe kandi bikaba bigaragara ko yawugurishije azi neza ko atari uwe.

3. Nta ndishyi zitangwa igihe uweguriwe ikintu yari azi ko ashobora kucyamburwa igihe yaguraga cyangwa yaraguze yemera n’ingaruka zose bityo rero nta cyo Mukashema akwiye gusubiza Akayezu kuko yaguze azi neza ko umugurishije atari nyiri inzu igurishwa.

4. Urukiko ntirwagena indishyi zishingiye ku igena gaciro ry’inzu iburanwa kuko umuguzi yaguze azi neza ko aguze n’umuntu utari nyiri umutungo, akaba ariyo mpamvu nta ndishyi akwiye guhabwa.

Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe;

Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi nta shingiro bufite;

Amagarama y’urubanza ahereye kuri Akayezu.

Amategeko yashingiweho:

Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04/06/2003 ryavuguruwe mu mwaka wa 2015, ingingo ya 34(2)

Itegeko Nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 69

Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 276 na 306.

Nta manza zifashishijwe.

Urubanza

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1]               Nyuma yo gupfa bazize Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Kagaju Tatiana n’umugabo we Mwanafunzi Tito basize inzu yasigaye icungwa na Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace, uyu akaba yari murumuna wa Mwanafunzi.

[2]               Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace yaje guha iyo nzu Mukashema Catherine, umuvandimwe wa Kagaju Tatiana, binakorerwa inyandiko[1], nyuma Mukashema nawe aza kuyigurisha umugabo wa Akayezu Marie Rose kuwa 29/07/2000 ku mafaranga (frw) 230.000.

[3]               Nyuma y’imyaka 8 umugabo wa Akayezu aguze iyo nzu amaze no kuyisana, habonetse uwitwa Mukundwa Amata Sabine waje yemeza ko ari umwana wa Mwanafunzi Tito, haza no kuba urubanza RC 0057/08/TGI/HYE rwemeje ko iyo nzu yegurirwa uwo mwana Mukundwa, rutegeka Musenyeri Ruzindana wayitanze kwishyura Akayezu[2] frw 1.000.000 ahwanye n’agaciro k’iyo nzu n’ibyayikozweho, ariko umuryango we ugaya iyo ngurane, ujuririra icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza (RCA 0083/09/HC/NYA), rwaje kwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko Musenyeri Ruzindana ataryozwa ubwishyu bwa frw 1.000.000 yari yaciwe kuko atarebwa n’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’inzu.

[4]               Nyuma y’icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, Akayezu yongeye kuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye[3] noneho arega Mukashema Catherine kubera ko yamugurishije inzu itari iye, asaba ko amusubiza frw 24.750.225 y’agaciro iyo nzu ifite ubu kubera ibyayikozweho nyuma yo kugura, Mukundwa Amata Sabine arugobokeshwamo[4] ariko ntiyitaba urukiko, kuri urwo rwego Mukashema aburana yemera kwishyura Akayezu frw 230.000 yakiriye agurisha iyo nzu, kuko yavugaga ko yayeguriwe nta buryarya.

[5]               Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye rwemeje ko igobokeshwa rya Mukundwa Amata Sabine nta shingiro rifite, kuko ibyo asabwa kuza gusobanura mu rubanza, byafashweho umwanzuro mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, rwabaye itegeko. Rwemeje kandi ko Mukashema asubiza Akayezu frw 230.000 yakiriye agurisha inzu ubu yeguriwe Mukundwa Amata Sabine, umuzungura wa Mwanafunzi Tito.

[6]               Akayezu yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza (RCA 0045/15/HC/NY), urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko Mukashema yishyura Akayezu frw 5.000.000 agizwe n’ikiguzi cy’inzu igihe yagurwaga (frw 230.000), n’agaciro ifite ubu kagenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, kubera ko nyuma yo guhabwa inzu na Musenyeri Ruzindana, Mukashema atashishoje ngo amenye ko hari umuzungura wa Mwanafunzi, akabirengaho agurisha iyo nzu kandi atari umuzungura we, bityo rutegeka ko urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose.

[7]               Mukashema yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga (RCAA 0040/15/CS), avuga ko nta kimenyetso Urukiko rwashingiyeho kigaragaza ko yagize ubushishozi bucye agurisha inzu, ko kandi rutigeze rugaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho niba hari ibyongewe ku nzu iburanwa cyangwa hubatswe indi, rutegeka kwishyura indishyi zihwanye na 5.000.000Frw ntaho rushingiye, ku bwe akaba asanga yakwishyura 230.000Frw yari yahawe agurisha inzu.

[8]               Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 29/03/2016, Mukashema Catherine ahagarariwe na Me Mitsindo Tom, naho Akayezu Marie Rose yunganiwe na Me Bimenyimana B. Emmanuel.

II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA

a. Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso byashingiweho n’Urukiko bitanzwe nyuma y’iburanisha hatabayeho kwongera gufungura iburanisha.

[9]               Me Mitsindo uhagarariye Mukashema avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwari rwapfundikiye iburanisha ku wa 15/07/2015, mbere yuko urubanza rusomwa Akayezu arushyikiriza ikimenyetso gishya ku wa 29/07/2015[5] cyavugaga ko ahubatswe inzu hari indi yari ihari ishaje yashenywe, rugishingiraho rufata icyemezo kandi kitigeze kigibwaho impaka.[6]

[10]           Me Bimenyimana B. Emmanuel uhagarariye Akayezu Marie Rose avuga ko ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Mukashema Catherine ariko byagenze, ariko kuba nta pfundurwa ry’urubanza ryabayeho, atari ikosa rya Akayezu Marie Rose, ahubwo we yari afite inshingano zo gushaka ibimenyetso. Asobanura ko kuba Urukiko rutarakoze ipfundura ry’iburanisha ariyo mpamvu ikirego cyakiriwe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[11]           Ingingo ya 69 y’Itegeko Nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko “nta nyandiko muri rusange, imyanzuro y’urubanza n’inyandiko ikubiyemo ingingo ziburanishwa bishobora kohererezwa urukiko nyuma y’iburanisha”.

[12]           Urukiko rusanga ababuranyi bombi bemeranywa ko icyemezo cy’Ubuyobozi bw’Akagali ka Buhimba cyo ku wa 28/07/2015, cyatanzwe nyuma yo gupfundikira iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rukagishingiraho rudahaye ababuranyi umwanya wo kukijyaho impaka.

[13]           Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’iyo ngingo rero, byumvikana ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa rushingira icyemezo cyarwo ku kimenyetso cy’inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’Akagali ka Buhimba hatabayeho isubukura ry’iburanisha, bityo iryo kosa rikaba rigomba gukosorwa, uru Rukiko mu guca urubanza ntirushingire kuri icyo kimenyetso.

b. Kumenya niba Mukashema yari afite uburenganzira bwo kugurisha inzu iburanwa

[14]           Me Mitsindo avuga ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho kigaragaza ko Mukashema yagize ubushishozi bucye bwo kugurisha inzu atabanje kureba niba ntabo mu muryango wa Mwanafunzi Tito na Kagaju Tatiana bahari, cyane cyane ko yagaragarije Akayezu ibimenyetso byaho akomora inzu, ibimenyetso birimo aho Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace agaragaza ko ntawe ukomoka kuri uwo muryango ukiriho, ko Mukeshimana ahawe iyo nzu ntawe uzayimukurikiranaho, kandi Akayezu akaba yemera ko yagaragarijwe aho Mukashema akomora iyo nzu n’ikibazo cyayo uko giteye, akaba ariyo mpamvu Akayezu atavuga ko hari ubushishozi bucye Mukashema yagize.

[15]           Me Bimenyimana wunganira Akayezu avuga ko ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Mukashema nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko Mukashema yahawe iyo nzu n’umuntu utabifitiye uburenganzira, uburangare yagize akaba aruko atigeze ajya mu Rukiko asaba gusaba kuzungura ibyasizwe na ba nyakwigendera.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[16]           Ingingo ya 34, igika cya 2 cy’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 ryavuguruwe mu mwaka wa 2015, iteganya ibi bikurikira: “umutungo bwite, uw’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi ntuvogerwa”.

[17]           Kimwe mu bimenyetso Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho rugaragaza ko Mukashema atashishoje agurisha inzu itari iye, ni amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 29/07/2000[7] yagiranye n’umugabo wa Akayezu Marie Rose agurisha iyo nzu.

[18]           Muri ayo masezerano, Mukashema agaragaza ko inzu agurishije itari iye kuko avuga ibi bikurikira: “… ngurishije inzu basize[8] iri muri Centre ya Kinkanga muri Segiteri Rusatira, Komini ya Rusatira ku 230.000Frw”, Urukiko rukaba rusanga ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Mukashema byuko nta kimenyetso na kimwe Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho kigaragaza ko mu kugurisha iyo nzu itari iye atashishoje, itarangwa n’ukuri, kuko amasezerano Mukashema yishyiriyeho umukono agaragaza ko iyo nzu ari iya Mwanafunzi na Kagaju.

[19]           Ikindi kitakwirengagizwa, nuko mu miburanire y’uhagarariye Mukashema, aho agaragaza ko inzu yahawe na Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace, ari yo Mwanafunzi Tito na Kagaju Tatiana bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi basize, akayimuha amubwira ko nta wo mu muryango we wasigaye, byumvikana ko Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace yari amuhaye inzu nawe itari iye, kuko umuntu atanga ibye, adatanga iby’abandi; iki nacyo kikaba ari ikindi kimenyetso kigaragaza ko agurisha iyi nzu byamugaragariraga ko uwayimuhaye nawe atari iye, bigaragaza ubushishozi bucye yagize muri icyo gikorwa, ku bw’izo mpamvu uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga Mukashema yaravogereye umutungo utari uwe kandi bikaba bigaragara ko yawugurishije azi neza ko atari uwe.

c. Kumenya niba hari indishyi Akayezu Marie Rose akwiye guhabwa na Mukashema Catherine.

[20]           Me Mitsindo Tom avuga ko Urukiko rwaciye Mukashema indishyi zingana na 5.000.000Frw ntaho rushingiye kuko ku rupapuro rwa gatatu (3) rw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Umucamanza yagaragaje ko atazi niba inzu iburanwa yarashenywe cyangwa yarasanwe, ikindi akaba aruko “expertise” y’iyo nzu Akayezu yatanze, igaragaza agaciro k’inzu yose, atari agaciro k’ibyongeweho.

[21]           Avuga kandi ko ibyo basaba Urukiko, aruko rwakwemeza ko nta kigaragaza ko hari ibyo Akayezu yongeye kuri iyo nzu, icyemezo cy’Ubuyobozi bw’Akagali ka Ruhimba yatanze ntigihabwe agaciro kuko ari amakuru Akayezu yahaye ubwo Buyobozi, maze rukemeza ko yahabwa gusa 230.000Frw kuko Mukashema nta burangare yagize amugurisha iyo nzu.

[22]           Me Bimenyimana wunganira Akayezu avuga ko ibyerekeranye no kuba inzu yarashenywe cyangwa yaravuguruwe, hari icyemezo muri dosiye cy’Ubuyobozi bw’Akagali ka Buhimba cyavuzwe Me Mitsindo Tom adashaka kugira icyo avugaho kandi cyemeza ko ahubatswe inzu hari indi yari ihari ishaje yashenywe.

[23]           Akomeza avuga ko umucamanza atagombaga kugena mu bushishozi agaciro ka 5.000.000Frw kandi nyamara haragaragajwe “expertise” ihwanye na 24.250.222Frw inzu yahawe mu mwaka wa 2010.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[24]           Ingingo ya 276 y’Igitabo cya III cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano[9] iteganya ko “igurishwa ry’ikintu cy’undi rishobora gutangirwa indishyi iyo umuguzi atigeze amenya ko icyo kintu ari icy’undi”.

[25]           Ingingo ya 306 y’icyo Gitabo nayo igateganya ko “ Mu gihe nanone byavuzwe ko umugurisha nta bwishingire abazwa, iyo umuguzi avukijwe uburenganzira bwe ku cyo yaguze, umugurisha agomba gusubiza amafaranga y’ikiguzi, keretse iyo uweguriwe ikintu yari azi ko ashobora kucyamburwa igihe yaguraga cyangwa yaraguze yemera n’ingaruka zose”.

[26]           Nkuko bigaragara mu masezerano y’ubugure bw’inzu iburanwa hagati ya Mukashema n’umugabo wa Akayezu, nk’umuguzi w’iyo nzu, yamenye ko icyo aguze akiguze n’umuntu utari nyiracyo, nkuko byasobanuwe.

[27]           Kuba rero Mukeshimana na Akayezu bombi baraguze bazi ko ikiguzwe atari umutungo w’ugurisha, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 306 y’Igitabo cya III cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, ntacyo Mukeshimana Catherine akwiye gusubiza Akayezu Marie Rose mu gihe uyu yaguze azi neza ko umugurishije atari nyiri inzu igurishwa.

d. Ku bijyanye n’ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi.

[28]           Me Bimenyimana wunganira Akayezu avuga ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’urega bushingiye kuri “expertise” yakozwe ikagena agaciro ka 24.250.222Frw bari basabye Urukiko rukabagenera gusa 5.000.000Frw, bakanasaba 1.000.000Frw akubiyemo igihembo cya Avoka ku rwego rw’ubujurire n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza.

[29]           Me Mitsindo avuga ko Mukundwa Amata Sabine na Akayezu baburana mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, Akayezu yavuze ko yaguze inzu ahereye ku cyemezo cya Musenyeri Ruzindana Didace, bikaba bigaragaza ko ibyo Mukashema yabikoze nta buryarya, kuko iyo nzu ayigurisha yayifataga nk’iye.

[30]           Avuga kandi ko, Urukiko ruramutse rubibonye ukundi, rutashingira kuri iyo “expertise” kuko yakozwe n’umuntu utabifitiye ububasha. Naho ku byerekeye igihembo cya Avoka basaba, asanga Mukashema nta kosa yigeze akora, ku bw’izo mpamvu akaba ntacyo yaryozwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[31]           Nkuko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga Akayezu atahabwa izo ndishyi zigaragazwa na “expertise”, kuko yaguze azi neza ko aguze n’umuntu utari nyiri umutungo, akaba ariyo mpamvu nta ndishyi akwiye guhabwa.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

[32]           Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mukashema Catherine bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe;

[33]           Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Akayezu Marie Rose bwuririye ku bwa Mukashema Catherine nta shingiro bufite;

[34]           Rutegetse ko imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe RCA 0045/15/HC/NYA ihindutse;

[35]           Rutegetse ko nta ndishyi Mukashema Catherine agomba kwishyura Akayezu Marie Rose;

[36]           Rutegetse Akayezu Marie Rose gutanga amagarama y’urubanza angana na100.000Frw.