[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RPAA0305/11/CS (Hatangimbabazi, P.J., Kalimunda na Gakwaya, J.) 27 Ugushyingo 2015]
Amategeko mpanabyaha – Itegeko rikoreshwa mu gihe hari amategeko abiri ahana avuguruzanya – Mu gihe hari amategeko abiri ahana, rimwe ryariho mu gihe icyaha cyakorwaga, irindi ryaratangajwe kuva icyaha gikozwe, ariko urubanza rutaracibwa burundu, itegeko rishya niryo ryonyine rigomba gukurukizwa iyo riteganya igihano cyoroheje – Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’ amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 8.
Amategeko mpanabyaha – Uburyozwacyaha – Gushidikanya ku munsi n’ukwezi uregwa yavutseho – Mu manza nshinjabyaha, iyo habayeho gushidikanya, ibintu bifatwa mu nyungu z’uregwa, bityo mu gihe hatazwi umusi n’ukwezi yavukiyeho hafatwa umunsi wa nyuma w’ukwezi kwa nyuma k’umwaka uzwi yavukiyemo – Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’ amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 72.
Incamake y’ikibazo: Uregwa yakurikiranywe mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo aregwa icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. Yatangiye ahakana icyaha ariko Urukiko rurakimuhamya maze rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 12 n’ihazabu ingana na 100.000Frw n’amagarama y’urubanza. Ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, arujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru narwo rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza rwa mbere igumyeho. Yajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko yemeye icyaha kubera ko yakubiswe, ko Urukiko rwamuhamije icyaha rugendeye ku mvugo y’Ubushinjacyaha no ku nyandiko-mvugo yakozwe n’Umugenzacyaha. Mu gihe cy’iburanisha ariko, yamenyesheje Urukiko ko ahinduye imiburanire ye, ko agiye kuburana yemera icyaha aregwa ariko ko yagikoze ari umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n’ine.
Ubushinjacyaha bwo buvuga ko uregwa yiyemereye ko yari afite imyaka cumi n’ine (14 ans) y’amavuko, ko nta mpamvu rero yo gushaka icyemezo cye cy’ amavuko. Bukomeza buvuga ko mugihe umunsi n’ukwezi by’amavuko bye bitazwi, hagomba kumvikana ko yavutse ku itariki ya 1/1/1991, bityo bukaba busanga kuba yari afite imyaka cumi n’ine (14 ans) y’amavuko, agomba gushyirwa mu rwego rw’abahamwa n’icyaha.
Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Mu gihe hari amategeko abiri ahana, rimwe ryariho mu gihe icyaha cyakorwaga, irindi ryaratangajwe kuva icyaha gikozwe, ariko urubanza rutaracibwa burundu, itegeko rishya niryo ryonyine rigomba gukurikizwa iyo riteganya igihano cyoroheje.
2. Hashingiwe ku ihame ry’amategeko rivuga ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, mu gihe hariho gushidikanya, ibintu bigomba gufatwa mu nyungu z’ushinjwa, kuba umunsi n’ukwezi by’amavuko by’uregwa bitazwi, byumvikanisha ko umunsi we w’amavuko ari umunsi wa nyuma w’ ukwezi kwa cumi n’abiri (31/12) ku mwaka uzwi yavutsemo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Urukiko rwemeje ko uregwa yavutse ku itariki ya 31/12/1991 aho kuba ku itariki ya 1/1/1991 nk’uko ubushinjacyaha bubivuga, bityo akaba ataryozwa icyaha cyo gusambanya U.L ndetse agomba kurekurwa uru rubanza rukimara gusomwa, kuko yakoze icyaha afite imyaka cumi n’itatu n’amezi atandatu.
Ubujurire bufite ishingiro.
Uregwa ntiyaryozwa icyaha aregwa.
Urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose.
Uregwa agomba kurekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa.
Amagarama aherereye ku isanduku ya Leta.
Amategeko yashingiweho:
Itegeko-Teka No21/77 ryo kuwa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’Amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 77.
Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’ amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 8 na 72.
Nta manza zifashishijwe.
Inyandiko z’abahanga:
Vade-mecum, “Le crime de genocide et les crimes contre l’humanite devant les juridictions ordinaires du Rwanda”, Avocats sans frontières, 2004, pp.194-195.
Urubanza
I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA
[1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranyeho Kwitonda Jean Damascene icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana U.L w’imyaka 4 y’amavuko, buvuga ko yemeye icyaha mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha. Kwitonda Jean Damascène yaburanye atemera icyaha.
[2] Kuwa 29/09/2006, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RP/Min0003/06/TGI/GSBO, rwemeza ko Kwitonda Jean Damascene ahamwa n’icyaha maze rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 12 no gutanga ihazabu ingana na 100.000Frw n’amagarama y’urubanza.
[3] Kwitonda Jean Damascene ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, arujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru. Kuwa 28/10/2011, Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza RPA956/08/HC/KIG, rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza rwa mbere igumyeho.
[4] Kwitonda Jean Damascene ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, ajuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko yemeye icyaha kubera ko yakubiswe, ko Urukiko rwamuhamije icyaha rugendeye ku mvugo y’Ubushinjacyaha no ku nyandiko-mvugo yakozwe n’Umugenzacyaha.
[5] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 19/10/2015, Kwitonda Jean Damascene yunganiwe na Me Rwigema Vincent, naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Nkusi Faustin, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. Igihe cy’iburanisha, Kwitonda Jean Damascene yamenyesheje Urukiko ko ahinduye imiburanire ye, ko agiye kuburana yemera icyaha aregwa ariko akavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 23 y’Itegeko-Teka No21/77 ryo kuwa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’ amategeko ahana cyakoreshwaga igihe icyaha cyakorwaga atahamwa na cyo ndetse yagikoze ari umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n’ine.
II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO
Kumenya niba Kwitonda Jean Damascene ataryozwa icyaha aregwa.
[6] Kwitonda Jean Damascene avuga ko kuwa 16/07/2005, mu ma saa tanu, yari kwa nyirakuru Mukasinamenye Xaviere, nyina wa U.L, yabonye uwo mwana yagiye kwihagarika, agakuramo ikariso, atangira gutekereza kumusambanya. Nyuma, U.L akaza kumusanga ku buriri, agashaka kumurongora ariko ntabigereho.
[7] Kwitonda Jean Damascene asobanura ko nyirakuru Mukasinamenye Xaviere yaje kugaruka, U.L akamubwira ibyamubayeho. Asobanura ko yaje guhakana icyo cyaha kubera ibyo abantu bagendaga bamubeshya, bamubwira ko naramuka abyemeye azahanwa cyane.
[8] Me Rwigema Vincent avuga ko ibisobanuro byatanzwe na Kwitonda Jean Damascene muri uru Rukiko bihuye n’ibyo yaravuze mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha ariko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 77 y’Itegeko-Teka No21/77 ryo kuwa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe haruguru, akaba asanga mu gihe muri dosiye y’urubanza, nta kimenyetso simusiga kigaragaza imyaka nyakuri Kwitonda Jean Damascene na U.L bari bafite icyaha gikorwa, Kwitonda Jean Damascene ataryozwa icyo cyaha (irresponsabilite penale) kuko atari arengeje imyaka cumi n’ ine (14 ans ) nk’uko byavuzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha n’ubwo ntacyo bagaragaje cyashingiweho.
[9] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko Kwitonda Jean Damascene yemeye wenyine ko yari afite imyaka cumi n’ine (14 ans) y’amavuko, nta mpamvu rero yo gushaka icyemezo cye cy’amavuko. Bukomeza buvuga ko mu gihe umunsi n’ukwezi by’amavuko bye bitazwi, hagomba kumvikana ko yavutse ku itariki ya 1/1/1991, bityo bukaba busanga kuba yari afite imyaka cumi n’ine ( 14 ans ) y’amavuko, agomba gushyirwa mu rwego rw’ abahamwa n’icyaha. Busoza busaba ko icyemezo cyajuririwe cyagumaho.
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[10] Ingingo ya 77 y’Itegeko-Teka No21/77 ryo kuwa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe rishyiraho Igitabo cy’Amategeko ahana cyakoreshwaga igihe icyaha cyakorwaga iteganya ko “Iyo uwakoze icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye cyangwa icyitso cye, afite imyaka y’ amavuko irenze cumi n’ine ariko idashyitse cumi n’umunani mu gihe icyaha gikorwa, iyo bibaye ngombwa guca igihano, ibihano bitangwa ni ibi: Iyo akwiye igihano cyo (…) cyangwa cyo gufungwa burundu, azacibwa igihano cy’ igifungo cy’imyaka kuva kw’icumi kugeza kuri makumyabiri (….)”.
[11] Ingingo ya 72(1o) y’Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’Amategeko ahana iteganya ko “Iyo uwakoze icyaha cyangwa icyitso cye, afite nibura imyaka cumi n’ine (14) y’amavuko ariko atageze kuri cumi n’umunani (18) mu gihe icyaha cyakorwaga, iyo bibaye ngombwa gutanga ibihano, ibihano bitangwa ni ibi: Iyo yari guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu cyangwa cya burundu cy’ umwihariko, ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15)”.
[12] Hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 8 y’Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko “Mu gihe hari amategeko abiri ahana, rimwe ryariho mu gihe icyaha cyakorwaga, irindi ryaratangajwe kuva icyaha gikozwe, ariko urubanza rutaracibwa burundu, itegeko rishya niryo ryonyine rigomba gukurukizwa iyo riteganya igihano cyoroheje”, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga isuzumwa ry’ingingo ya 77 y’Itegeko Teka No21/77 ryo kuwa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe haruguru n’irya 72 y’Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, rigaragaza ko muri uru rubanza hagomba gukurikizwa ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 72 y’Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 kuko ariryo riteganya igihano cyoroheje.
[13] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga kandi isuzumwa ry’ingingo ya 72 y’Itegeko Ngenga No01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru ryumvikanisha ko igihe uwakoze icyaha utarengeje imyaka cumi n’ine y’amavuko (14 ans), adashobora kuryozwa icyo cyaha aregwa (cause d’irresponsabilité pénale ou cause de non imputabilité).
[14] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga n’ubwo muri dosiye y’uru rubanza nta cyemezo cy’amavuko cya Kwitonda Jean Damascène kigaragaramo ariko mu gihe yemeza nta gushidikanya ko yavutse mu mwaka wa 1991 ndetse n’ubushinjacyaha bubyemeza, uwo mwaka w’amavuko ariwo ugomba gufatwa nk’ukuri.
[15] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga nubwo umunsi n’ukwezi by’amavuko bya Kwitonda Jean Damascene bitazwi ariko hashingiwe ku ihame ry’amategeko rivuga ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, mu gihe hariho gushidikanya, ibintu bigomba gufatwa mu nyungu z’ushinjwa, ibyo byumvikanisha ko igihe umunsi n’ukwezi by’amavuko z’ushinjwa bitazwi, hagomba kwemezwa ko yavutse ku munsi wa nyuma w’ukwezi kwa cumi n’abiri (31/12) ku mwaka uzwi yavutsemo, bityo tukaba rugomba kwemeza ko Kwitonda Jean Damascene yavutse ku itariki ya 31/12/1991[1] aho kuba ku itariki ya 1/1/1991 nk’uko ubushinjacyaha bubivuga.
[16] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga igihe Kwitonda Jean Damascene yakoraga icyaha aregwa ku itariki ya 16/7/2005 nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko-mvugo y’imenyesha icyaha yakozwe n’Ubugenzacyaha ku wa 22/7/2005, yari afite imyaka cumi n’itatu n’amezi atandatu y’amavuko (13 ans et 6 mois), bityo rukaba rusanga ataryozwa icyaha cyo gusambanya U.L ndetse agomba kurekurwa uru rubanza rukimara gusomwa.
[17] Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma izindi mpamvu z’ubujurire bwa Kwitonda Jean Damascène.
III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO
[18] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Kwitonda Jean Damascene bufite ishingiro.
[19] Rwemeje ko Kwitonda Jean Damascene ataryozwa icyaha aregwa.
[20] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza No RPA956/08/HC/KIG rwaciwe kuwa 28/10/2011 ihindutse kuri byose.
[21] Rwemeje ko Kwitonda Jean Damascene agomba kurekurwa uru rubanza rukimara gusomwa.
[22] Rutegetse ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera mu Isanduku ya Leta.
[1] Il peut egalement arriver que le mineur ne dispose pas du tout de document de l’état civil ou alors dispose d’un document ne mentionnant que son année de naissance (....) Les exemples les plus pertinents en l’espèce sont celui dans lequel l’on dispose d’un document qui indique que le prevenu est né en 1980, et donc qu’il a eu son 14 ème anniversaire dans le courant de l’année 1994, sans précision de jour ou de mois (...) En l’absence d’indications precises, le mineur doit se voir appliquer l’hypothèse la plus favorable, c’est à dire que l’on devra agir comme s’il était né le 31 Décembre 1980 (...). Le raisonnement doit amener à considerer, que le prevenu n’avait pas atteint l’âge de quatorze ans lors des evenements qui se sont deroulés d’avril à juillet, et qu’il ne peut être poursuivi ni sanctionné”, in Vade-mecum, Le crime de genocide et les crimes contre l’humanite devant les juridictions ordinaires du Rwanda, Avocats sans frontières, 2004, pp.194-195.