UBUSHINJACYAHA v. BIGIRIMANA
[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00152/2020/CA (Kaliwabo, P.J.,) 27 Mata 2022]
Amategeko agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyo kwica – Ubushake bwo kwica – Ubushake bwo kwica bushobora gusuzumirwa mu ntwaro zakoreshejwe n’igice cy’umubiri cyakubiswe.
Amategeko agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Igabanyagihano – Igihe icyaha cyakoranywe ubugome bukabije bituma hatabaho kugabanya igihano.
Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranye uregwa ku cyaha cyo kwica n’icyo gukomeretsa ku buryo bubabaje, uyu yaburanye yemera ibyaha ashinjwa, avuga ko yabitewe n’ubusinzi. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko uregwa ahamwa n’impurirane y’icyaha cyo kwica uwitwa Munezero n’icyo gukomeretsa ku bushake ku buryo bubabaje Nyabyenda, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.
Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza avuga ko yahanishijwe igihano kiremereye kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha, asaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano. Urukiko Rukuru narwo rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko igifungo cya burundu uregwa yahanishijwe kigumaho kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha ashinjwa n’ubugome bukabije yabikoranye.
Uregwa yarongeye ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano ngo kuko icyo yahawe ari kinini kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha. Yasabye kandi ko inyito y’icyaha ashinjwa yahinduka, agahanirwa gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu.
Ubushinjacyaha bwo bwaburanye buvuga ko busanga igihano uregwa yahawe ari cyo gikwiranye n’uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze, kandi ko inyito y’icyaha ariyo ikwiranye n’imikorere yacyo, buvuga ko mu kugena inyito y’iki cyaha Urukiko rwazifashisha ibitekerezo bya MINEUR, umuhanga mu mategeko, wavuze ko mu bihe bimwe bigorana kumenya ko uwakoze icyaha yari agamije kwica, bityo uyu mugambi ukaba ushobora kugaragazwa n’intwaro yakoreshejwe ndetse n’igice cy’umubiri cyibasiwe
Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ubushake bwo kwica bushobora gusuzumirwa mu ntwaro zakoreshejwe n’igice cy’umubiri cyakubiswe, bityo kuba Munezero(victim) yarapfuye ataragera kwa muganga bikaba atari byo byatuma icyaha uregwa yakoze cyitwa icyo gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu kuko icyangombwa atari igihe uwahohotewe yapfiriye, ko ahubwo ari ukureba igice cy’umubiri cyibasiwe agikubita hasi.
2. Igihe icyaha cyakoranywe ubugome bukabije bituma hatabaho kugabanya igihano, bityo kuba uregwa mu kwica umwana w’imyaka 4 ntacyo amuziza, akamwica urw’agashinyaguro amuhonda hasi ku butaka kugeza aho ubwonko bwangiritse, iyi myitwarire ya kinyamaswa ntikwiye gutwikirwa nuko uregwa yemera icyaha.
Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite.
Amategeko yakoreshejwe:
Itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo kuwa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano, Ingingo ya 49 n’iya 61.
Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, Ingingo ya 140.
Imanza zifashishijwe:
Ubushinjacyaha v. Cyuma Miruho, RPA 0142/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/09/2014, ruboneka mu Cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko, RLR V2- 2015.
Ubushinjacyaha v. Uwamurengeye, RPAA 0110/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/01/2014, ruboneka mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko RLR V1-2014.
Ubushinjacyaha v. Mukankusi Victoire, RPA 0246/09/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14/12/2012.
Inyandiko z’abahanga:
M. Véron, Droit Pénal Spécial, 11 éd., Sirey, Paris, 2006, P.33.
Thierry Garé, Droit pénal spécial, Personnes et biens, 4ème édition, Bruxelles, 2015, P 190.
Urubanza
I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA
[1] Ku wa 10/08/2018 Bigirimana Jean Bosco yasanze ihene z’umuturanyi we Nyabyenda ziri kumwonera ajya gushaka Nyabyenda, amubuze ashorera umwana we witwa Munezero (4ans) ngo ajye kumwereka aho umubyeyi we ari. Munezero ntiyashoboye kumenya aho umubyeyi we ari bituma Bigirimana amuterura amuhonda hasi inshuro ebyiri, amusiga mu nzira amaze kuraba, umwana aza gupfa ataragera kwa muganga aho mushiki wa Bigirimana yari amwihutishirije. Uwo munsi kandi, Nyabyenda wahurujwe kubw’urupfu rw’umwana we yaje gufata Bigirimana maze uyu amurya urutoki ku buryo bubabaje bituma Nyabyenda ajya kwivuza kwa muganga.
[2] Ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije Bigirimana Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye bumurega icyaha cyo kwica n’icyo gukomeretsa ku buryo bubabaje, uyu aburana yemera ibyaha ashinjwa, avuga ko yabitewe n’ubusinzi.
[3] Kuwa 29/8/2018 Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye rwaciye urubanza RP 00257/2018/TGI/HYE, rwemeza ko Bigirimana Jean Bosco ahamwa n’impurirane y’icyaha cyo kwica Munezero n’icyo gukomeretsa ku bushake ku buryo bubabaje Nyabyenda, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu.
[4] Bigirimana Jean Bosco yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza avuga ko yahanishijwe igihano kiremereye kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha, asaba ko yagabanyirizwa. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza n˚ RPA 001572/2018/HC/NYZ, kuwa 19/09/2019, rwemeza ko igifungo cya burundu BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco yahanishijwe kigumaho kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha ashinjwa n’ubugome bukabije yabikoranye.
[5] Bigirimana Jean Bosco yunganiwe na Me Ndayisabye Alex yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano ngo kuko icyo yahawe ari kinini kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha. Yasabye kandi ko inyito y’icyaha ashinjwa yahinduka, agahanirwa gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu. Ubushinjicyaha bwo busanga igihano Bigirimana yahawe ari cyo gikwiranye n’uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze, kandi ko inyito y’icyaha ariyo ikwiranye n’imikorere yacyo.
[6] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe ku wa 08/4/2022, Bigirimana Jean Bosco yunganiwe na Me Ndayisabye Alex naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Niyonzima Vincent, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu.
[7] Uru rukiko rurasuzuma inyito yahabwa icyaha Bigirimana Jean Bosco akurikiranyweho, runasuzume niba yagabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko abisaba.
II.ISESENGURA RY’URUBANZA
A. Kumenya inyito yahabwa icyaha Bigirimana Jean Bosco yakoreye Munezero
[8] Me NDAYISABYE Alex wunganira BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco yajuriye avuga ko uyu yagombye gukurikiranwaho icyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu aho kuba icyaha cyo kwica, kuko uyu yakubise hasi MUNEZERO adafite umugambi wo kumwica, na cyane ko ntacyo yapfaga n’umwana w’imyaka 4, ko kandi umwana atahise apfa ahubwo akaza gupfira kwa muganga nyuma y’igihe kirekire bitewe n’ingaruka z‘uko yakubiswe hasi.
[9] Me NDAYISABYE Alex yavuze kandi ko icyaha BIGIRIMANA yakoreye NYABYENDA amuruma urutoki nacyo cyagombye kwitwa gubita no gukomeretsa byoroheje kuko bitakoranywe ubugome bukabije ndetse nta n‘icyuma cyakoreshejwe.
[10] Me NDAYISABYE Alex mu mwanzuro we avuga kandi ko ibyaha BIGIRIMANA akurikiranyweho yabikoze ku buryo bw’imbonezamugambi bityo akaba agomba guhanirwa icyaha gifite ibihano biremereye kuruta ikindi aricyo gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu.
[11] Mu iburanisha ryo kuwa 8/4/2022 BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco yabajijwe uburyo yakubise umwana n’inshuro yabikoze asubiza ko yamuteruye amukubita hasi inshuro 2 arambaraye, abonye abaye nk’uciye umutima arigendera.
[12] Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanuye kuri iyi ngingo buvuga ko BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco yagize ubushake bwo kwica MUNEZERO kandi ko yabikoranye ubugome bukabije bugaragazwa n‘inshuro ebyiri yamukubise hasi, uyu ngo akaba yaramusize abona umwana arerembuye amaso nk‘upfuye, ko kandi raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko yamukubise hasi yibanda ko umutwe ariwo ubanza hasi kuko igaragaza ko yishwe n’ibikomere byo mu mutwe byateye kuva amaraso n’ibikomere mu bwonko (physical trauma of the head leading to hemorrhage and fatal brain injury).
[13] Ubushinjacyaha bwasobanuye ko umugambi wo kwica MUNEZERO ugaragazwa n’igice cy’umubiri (umutwe) BIGIRIMANA yakubise hasi kandi aho yamukubitaga ari ahantu hakomeye (ku butaka), ibyo akabikora inshuro ebyiri ku mwana w’imyaka 4 agamije ko apfa vuba, kugeza abonye ko abaye nk’umuntu uciye umutima, bityo ngo inyito yo kwica ikaba ariyo ikwiranye n’imikorere y’icyaha.
[14] Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye ko mu kugena inyito y’iki cyaha Urukiko rwazifashisha ibitekerezo bya MINEUR, umuhanga mu mategeko, wavuze ko mu bihe bimwe bigorana kumenya ko uwakoze icyaha yari agamije kwica, bityo uyu mugambi ukaba ushobora kugaragazwa n‘intwaro yakoreshejwe ndetse n’igice cy’umubiri cyibasiwe.[1] Bwasobanuye kandi ko iki gitekerezo aricyo kiboneka mu rubanza RPAA 0110/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw‘Ikirenga ku wa 31 Mutarama 2014, aho rwemeje ko kuba inyandiko ya muganga n’abatangabuhamya bemeza ko nyakwigendera yazize igice cy’urubaho yakubiswe mu mutwe bigaragaza ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cy’ubwicanyi[2].
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[15] Ingingo ya 140 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha iteganya ko “kwica umuntu ubishaka byitwa ubwicanyi. Bihanisha igifungo cya burundu”.
[16] Urukiko rurasanga, nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bubiburanisha, ibishingirwaho mu kumenya ko uwakubise umuntu yaba yarafite umugambi wo kumwica cyangwa niba ntawo yarafite, bisuzumirwa mu cyakoreshejwe n’igice cy’umubiri cyakubiswe. Iki gitekerezo ninacyo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe mu manza zitandukanye harimo urw’Ubushinjacyaha na CYUMA MIRUHO[3] n’urw’Ubushinjacyaha na UWAMURENGEYE[4]. Ibi ni nako bisobanurwa n’abahanga mu mategeko barimo Michel Véron[5] nawe wishingikirije ku manza nyinshi zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubufaransa rusesa imanza, uvuga ko ubushake bwo kwica bushobora gusuzumirwa mu ntwaro zakoreshejwe zishobora gutera akaga ko gupfa, n’igice cy’umubiri cyakubiswe.
[17] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, Urukiko rushingiye ku kuba BIGIRIMANA yemera ko yateruye MUNEZERO (4ans) inshuro ebyiri amuhonda hasi ku butaka akamusiga yarabye, uyu mwana akaba yarapfuye ataragera kwa muganga, no kuba raporo ya muganga yerekana ko uwamukubise hasi yibanze ku gice cy’umutwe kuko aricyo cyagaragaje ibikomere byinshi byatumye ubwonko bwangirika, rurasanga nta gushidikanya ko BIGIRIMANA yabikoze agambiriye kwica MUNEZERO.
[18] Rurasanga kuba MUNEZERO yarapfuye ataragera kwa muganga bikaba atari byo byatuma icyaha yakoze cyitwa icyo gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu kuko icyangombwa atari igihe uwahohotewe yapfiriye, ko ahubwo ari ukureba igice cy’umubiri cyibasiwe agikubita hasi. Ibi kandi byo kutita ku gihe uwahohotewe yapfiriye ugereranyije n’igihe yakomerekeye, bishimangirwa n’umuhanga mu mategeko THIERRY Garé, wavuze ko kera mu Gihugu cy’Ubufaransa babaraga igihe cy’iminsi mirongo ine (40 jrs), uwakubiswe yapfa muri iyo minsi bikitwa ubwicanyi, ariko yapfa nyuma y’icyo gihe bikitwa gukubita no gukomeretsa byateye urupfu, ko ariko muri iki gihe, iyo myumvire ijyanisha ku kwibanda ku gihe nyakwigendera yamaranye uburwayi mbere yo gupfa, itakitabwaho[6].
[19] Urukiko rurasanga nta kosa ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu guhamya BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco icyaha cyo kwica, bityo ubujurire bwe bugamije guhindura inyito y’icyaha bukaba nta shingiro bufite.
[20] Urukiko rurasanga BIGIRIMANA wishe MUNEZERO akanakomeretsa NYABYENDA, ashaka ko impurirane y’ibi byaha yaba imbonezamugambi aho kuba imbonezabyaha, nyamara ntasobanure uburyo ibi byaha byombi byakozwe mu bihe bitandukanye no ku bantu batandukanye, byaba bihuje umugambi, habe no gusobanura umugambi uwo ariwo.
[21] Rurasanga ibyemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza bihuza n’ubusobanuro butangwa mu ngingo ya 61 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga ko habaho impurirane mbonezabyaha iyo ibikorwa bitandukanye ubwabyo byakozwe bikurikirana kandi bikabyara ibyaha bidafitanye isano.
B. Kumenya niba BIGIRIMANA yagabanyirizwa igihano
[22] Mu mwanzuro w’ubujurire, BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco avuga ko yahanishijwe igihano kirekire kandi yaragaragarije urukiko ko yakoze icyaha atakigambiriye kuko yagikoze yasinze, urukiko rukaba rutarigeze rusesengura ngo rurebe niba hari inzika yari hagati ye n’ababyeyi b’umwana yari gutuma amwica.
[23] BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco avuga ko yahanishijwe igihano kirekire kandi yarafashije ubutabera yemera icyaha mu buryo budashidikanwaho ndetse asaba imbabazi, asaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano na cyane ko bwari ubwa mbere akora icyaha mu buryo buzwi.
[24] Me NDAYISABYE Alex umwunganira yasabye Urukiko kugabanyiriza igihano BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 71 y’Itegeko-Ngenga nº01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ryariho icyaha gikorwa iteganya ko Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uko uhanwa yakoze icyaha, ku mpamvu zabimuteye, uko uwakoze icyaha yari asanzwe yitwara, uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n’imibereho ye bwite. Yasabye kandi ko hashingirwa ku ngingo ya 78 y’iryo tegeko ivuga hitawe ko BIGIRIMANA yemeye icyaha kuva agifatwa, bityo akaba yahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 5 hitawe ku rubanza N° RPAA 0058/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/05/2018 aho rwemeje ko igabanyirizwa gihano riba rikwiye iyo habaye ukwemera icyaha.
[25] Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanuye kuri iyi ngingo buvuga ko kuba BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco ataragabanyirijwe igihano kandi yaraburanye yemera ibyaha, bitagize inenge ku rubanza kuko umucamanza adategetswe kugabanya igihano kabone n’iyo ushinjwa yaba yemera icyaha, mu gihe asanga igihano giteganywa gikwiranye n’uburemere bw’icyaha n’ubugome cyakoranywe.
[26] Buvuga BIGIRIMANA adakwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano kubera ko yakoranye icyaha ubugome bukabije, ko ibyo kutagabanyirizwa igihano kubera ko icyaha cyakoranywe ubugome byagarutsweho mu rubanza RPAA0O21/14/CS-RPAA0022/14/CS rwo kuwa 13 Ukwakira 2017, aho Urukiko rwemeje ko «nubwo Ntabanganyimana yemera icyaha aregwa, ntiyagabanyirizwa igihano bitewe n’ubugome bukabije yakoranye icyaha, kuko umucamanza adategetswe kukigabanya kuwemeye icyaha mu gihe asanze cyarakoranywe ubugome bukabije».
UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA
[27] Ingingo ya 49 z’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo kuwa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano iteganya ko: “Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw'icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo.”
[28] Urukiko rurasanga ubugome bwaranze BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco mu kwica umwana w’imyaka 4 ntacyo amuziza, akamwica urw’agashinyaguro amuhonda hasi ku butaka kugeza aho ubwonko bwangiritse, iyi myitwarire ya kinyamaswa idakwiye gutwikirwa nuko uyu yemera icyaha ku bw’umuhango. Igitekerezo cyo kutagabanyiriza igihano umuntu wakoranye icyaha ubugome yakoranye icyaha byaremejwe mu manza nyinshi zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ikirenga harimo urubanza RPA 0246/09/CS[7], uyu akaba ari wo murongo ukwiranye n’uru rubanza.
[29] Uru Rukiko, rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, rusanga ingingo z’ubujurire bwa BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco nta shingiro zifite, imikirize y’urubanza N˚ RPA 001572/2018/HC/NYZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza kuwa 19/09/2019 ikaba igomba kugumana agaciro mu ngingo zarwo zose.
III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO
[30] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco nta shingiro bufite;
[31] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RPA 001572/2018/HC/NYZ rwaciwe kuwa 19/09/2019 n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza igumyeho mu ngingo zarwo zose;
[32] Rwemeje ko igifungo cya burundu BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco yahanishijwe kubera impurirane y’icyaha cyo kwica MUNEZERO n’icyo gukomeretsa ku bushake ku buryo bubabaje NYABYENDA kigumyeho;
[33] Rutegetse ko BIGIRIMANA Jean Bosco asonerwa amagarama y’urubanza kubera ko yaburanye afunzwe.
[1] MINEUR G., Commentaire du Code Pénal Congolais, Bruxelles, 1953, p.126.
« En certains cas, il peut être difficile d’établir si l’auteur a voulu tuer,...C’est donc sur les incidents ayant précédé le meurtre, qu’il sera utile de faire porter l’enquête; l’arme dont l’inculpé a fait usage pourra révéler son intention homicide, de même que l’endroit oừ il a porté son coup. Il en est de meme, en cas de tentative de meurtre’’.
[2] Icyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’Inkiko, [V.1-2014] RLR, PP 133-140.
[3] Reba urubanza RPA 0142/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/09/2014 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na CYUMA MIRUHO, ruboneka mu Cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko, RLR V2- 2015;
[4] Reba urubanza RPAA 0110/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/01/2014 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na UWAMURENGEYE ruboneka mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko RLR V1-2014
[5] M. Véron, Droit Pénal Spécial, 11 éd., Sirey,Paris, 2006, P.33.
“La preuve de l’intention ou animus necendi soulève bien des difficultés car la preuve directe en parrait impossible. Aussi, la Cour de cassation admet qu’on puisse la rechercher dans les circonstances qui entourent le meurtre, notamment dans le fait que l’accusé a utilize des moyens mortels, des armes dangereuseset a frappéou visé sa victim sur une partie vitale du corps”
[6] THIERRY Garé, Droit pénal spécial, Personnes et biens, 4ème édition, Bruxelles, 2015, P 190: « Lorsque le décès ne survient pas immédiatement après le ou les coups, l’usage voulait, dans l’ancien droit, qu’on laisse s’écouler un délai de quarante jours. Si la mort survenait à l’intérieur de ce délai, elle était rattachée aux coups, et l’auteur de ceux-ci était coupable de meurtre. En revanche, si la mort survenait au-delà des quarante jours, l’auteur échappait aux poursuites pour meurtre, il était poursuivi pour violences. Aujourd’hui, il n’y a plus de délai pendant lequel la mort serait considérée comme imputable aux coups. En pratique, les magistrats apprécient souverainement ce lien de causalité, en s’appuyant sur les conclusions des experts et du rapport d’autopsie».
[7] Reba igika cya 11 cy’urubanza RPA 0246/09/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14/12/2012 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MUKANKUSI Victoire.