Date: 20000523
Docket: T-251-99
Ottawa, Ontario, this 23rd day of May, 2000
| PRESENT: THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE JOHN A. O"KEEFE |
BETWEEN:
THE MINISTER OF CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
Applicant
- and -
LAI BING LEE
Respondent
REASONS FOR ORDER AND ORDER
O"KEEFE J.
[1] This is an appeal pursuant to subsection 14(5) of the Citizenship Act and section 21 of the Federal Court Act, by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ("applicant") of the decision of Citizenship Judge Robert Somerville dated December 21, 1998, wherein he granted Canadian citizenship to Lai Bing Lee ("respondent").
[2] The respondent came to Canada with her husband and family as an accompanying dependent. She obtained permanent resident status in Canada on February 14, 1994. On
June 15, 1997, she completed an adult application for Canadian citizenship.
[3] The respondent and her family disposed of their Hong Kong assets and used part of this money to purchase the family home in Thornhill, Ontario, where she lives with her two sons who attended school in Ontario. The respondent and her husband transferred their settlers" effects from Hong Kong to Toronto.
[4] In support of her application, the respondent submitted copies of her passport, Social Insurance card, Ontario Hospital Insurance Plan card, bank account documents, Visa accounts, income tax returns, documents concerning the purchase of the Thornhill residence, documents regarding the enrollment of the children in school and various other documents.
[5] The respondent assisted her husband in the establishment and operation of his business in Canada.
[6] The respondent sponsored her elderly, sick mother to Canada. The mother was landed in July, 1997. The mother"s settler"s effects came with her to Canada.
[7] The respondent was absent from Canada for the following periods of time:
| From Yr/Mo/Day |
To Yr/Mo/Day |
Destination |
Number of Days Absent |
| 94/09/29 |
95/01/23 |
Hong Kong |
117 |
| 95/08/12 |
96/02/08 |
Hong Kong |
184 |
| 96/09/01 |
97/04/8 |
Hong Kong |
240 |
| TOTAL |
541 |
| [8] The respondent stated that the reasons for returning to Hong Kong were to take |
care of her mother, to dispose of assets and to accompany her husband and to assist in his business work.
Issue
| [9] Does the respondent satisfy the residency requirement for Canadian citizenship as |
stated in paragraph 5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act?
Law and Analysis
[10] Section 5(1) of the Citizenship Act states:
| 5. (1) The Minister shall grant citizenship to any person who (a) makes application for citizenship; (b) is eighteen years of age or over; (c) has been lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence, has not ceased since such admission to be a permanent resident pursuant to section 24 of the Immigration Act, and has, within the four years immediately preceding the date of his application, accumulated at least three years of residence in Canada calculated in the following manner: (i) for every day during which the person was resident in Canada before his lawful admission to Canada for permanent residence the person shall be deemed to have accumulated one-half of a day of residence, and (ii) for every day during which the person was resident in Canada after his lawful admission to Canada for permanent residence the person shall be deemed to have accumulated one day of residence; (d) has an adequate knowledge of one of the official languages of Canada; (e) has an adequate knowledge of Canada and of the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship; and (f) is not under a deportation order and is not the subject of a declaration by the Governor in Council made pursuant to section 20. |
5. (1) Le ministre attribue la citoyenneté à toute personne qui, à la fois_: a) en fait la demande; b) est âgée d'au moins dix-huit ans; c) a été légalement admise au Canada à titre de résident permanent, n'a pas depuis perdu ce titre en application de l'article 24 de la Loi sur l'immigration, et a, dans les quatre ans qui ont précédé la date de sa demande, résidé au Canada pendant au moins trois ans en tout, la durée de sa résidence étant calculée de la manière suivante_: (i) un demi-jour pour chaque jour de résidence au Canada avant son admission à titre de résident permanent, (ii) un jour pour chaque jour de résidence au Canada après son admission à titre de résident permanent; d) a une connaissance suffisante de l'une des langues officielles du Canada; e) a une connaissance suffisante du Canada et des responsabilités et avantages conférés par la citoyenneté; f) n'est pas sous le coup d'une mesure d'expulsion et n'est pas visée par une déclaration du gouverneur en conseil faite en application de l'article 20. |
| [11] The Citizenship Judge found that the respondent did qualify for Canadian |
| citizenship. The decision stated, in part: |
| She meets residence requirement as per Thurlow. |
| [12] The applicant has argued that the respondent has not fulfilled the residency |
| requirements of paragraph 5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act. |
| [13] To begin with, the jurisprudence of this Court has established that "residence" and |
| "resident" as used in paragraph 5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act are not limited to actual presence in Canada. In certain cases, applicants can have a home in Canada and be absent from that home for periods of time and still have that time qualify under subsection 5(1) of the Citizenship Act. In Re Wong, (May 8, 1996), Docket T-1085-95, Cullen J. stated at pages 3 - 4: |
| The leading case concerning residency is Re Papadogiorgakis, [1978] 2 F.C. 208 (T.D.) at 213-214, Associate Chief Justice Thurlow, as he then was, stated: |
| . . . |
| It seems to me that the words "residence" and "resident" in paragraph 5(1)(b) of the new Citizenship Act are not as strictly limited to actual presence in Canada throughout the period as they were in the former statute but can include, as well, situations in which the person concerned has a place in Canada which is used by him during the period as a place of abode to a sufficient extent to demonstrate the reality of his residing there during the material period even though he is away from it part of the time. This may not differ much from what is embraced by the exception referred to by the words "(at least usually)" in the reasons of Pratte, J. but in a close case it may be enough to make the difference between success and failure for an applicant. |
| A person with an established home of his own in which he lives does not cease to be resident there when he leaves it for a temporary purpose whether on business or vacation or even to pursue a course of study. The fact of his family remaining there while he is away may lend support for the conclusion that he has not ceased to reside there. The conclusion may be reached, as well, even though the absence may be more or less lengthy. It is also enhanced if he returns there frequently when the opportunity to do so arises. It is, as Rand, J. appears to me to be saying in the passage I have read, "chiefly a matter of the degree to which a person in mind and fact settles into or maintains or centralizes his ordinary mode of living with its accessories in social relations, interests and conveniences at or in the place in question". |
| In the case of Re Koo, [1993] 1 F.C. 286 (T.D.) at 293, Madame Justice Reed thoroughly surveyed the jurisprudence concerning residence and summarized the different formulations for determining whether an appellant was resident in Canada, despite a physical absence: |
| The conclusion I draw from the jurisprudence is that the test is whether it can be said that Canada is the place where the applicant "regularly, normally or customarily lives". Another formulation of the same test is whether Canada is the country in which he or she has centralized his or her mode of existence. |
| To ascertain whether an appellant "regularly, normally or customarily lives" in Canada, Her Ladyship also suggested at 293-294 six questions which could be used by the Court as guidance in reaching a conclusion on residency: |
(1) was the individual physically present in Canada for a long period prior to recent absences, which occurred immediately before the application for citizenship;
(2) where are the applicant"s immediate family and dependents (and extended family) resident?
(3) does the pattern of physical presence in Canada indicate a returning home or merely visting the country;
(4) what is the extent of the physical absences - if an applicant is only a few days short of the 1,095-day total it is easier to find deemed residence than if those absences ae [sic] extensive?
(5) is the physical absence caused by a clearly temporary situation such as employment as a missionary abroad, following a course of study abroad as a student, accepting temporary employment abroad, accompanying a spouse who has accepted temporary employment abroad?
(6) what is the quality of the connection with Canada: iis it more substantial than that which exists with any other country?
Apart from the Koo "place of living test", the Court has also used four other formulations for determining residency. Under the "reason test", the reason for the appellant"s physical absence from Canada is considered. If the absence was temporary and involuntary in nature " such as caring for a sick relative or attending school abroad " the appeal is usually allowed. Pursuant to the "intention test", the Court must determine whether the appellant has demonstrated the intention to establish and maintain a home in Canada. The Court has also used a "three-part test": the appellant must have established a residence in Canada, maintained a pied-à-terre in Canada, and intended to reside in Canada. Finally, the Court has referred to the "indicia of residency" and the "quality of attachment", nothing that the stricter test, the quality of attachment, is gaining strength.
Justice Cullen further stated at page 6 of the decision:
As my colleague, Noël, J. wrote in Stephen Yu Hung Lai, (F.C.T.D.) T-2258-93:
In cases where physical absence is encountered during a statutory period, proof of continued residence will require evidence as to the temporary nature of the absence, a clear intent to return and the existence of sufficient factual ties with Canada to assert residence in fact during the period . . . where a businessman established Canada as his place of abode by setting up his matrimonial home and family there he is permitted to travel within reason to earn a living.
[14] When an applicant has extended absences from Canada in the four years
immediately preceding his application for citizenship, it is necessary to look at the reasons for these absences from Canada and to determine whether the applicant "regularly, normally or customarily" lived in Canada.
[15] The respondent in this case has stated that on two of the absences, she was in
Hong Kong because of her mother"s illness and on the third absence, she was helping her mother immigrate to Canada. On the first two absences, she was also disposing of the family"s Hong Kong assets. On all three absences, she was assisting her husband with his business duties.
[16] The file shows that:
| 1. The respondent moved to Canada with her family. |
| 2. The respondent and her husband purchased a home in Ontario. |
| 3. Her two sons attended school in Ontario. |
| 4. She sold her Hong Kong assets. |
| 5. She transferred his settlers" effects to Ontario. |
| 6. She sponsored her elderly, sick mother to Canada and her mother"s settler"s effects came to Canada with her. |
| 7. She opened a personal bank accounts in Canada and pays income tax in Canada. |
| 8. The respondent worked in her husband"s business in Canada. |
| 9. The respondent"s and her husband"s settlers" effects were shipped to Canada. |
| [17] The respondent, in my opinion, has met the tests outlined by Madame Justice |
Reed (reproduced at page 11 of this decision) as:
| 1. The respondent came to Canada on February 14, 1994 and was in Canada until September 29, 1994 when her first absence in the relevant four year period commenced. |
| 2. The respondent"s husband and two children lived in Canada with the exception of the absences of the husband for business, to dispose of assets and to help mother-in-law. |
| 3. The respondent treated Canada as her home. Her children lived in Canada as did her husband, except when he was away as earlier noted. |
| 4. On all three absences, she was assisting her ill mother. On the first two absences, she was disposing of assets in Hong Kong and on all three absences, she was assisting her husband with his business work. |
| 5. The physical absence caused by the illness of her mother will not be recurring as her mother immigrated to Canada. I believe it is very reasonable to spend time out of the country to assist an ill family member. The respondent also spent a portion of the absences from Canada for business purposes. This is to be expected when her husband"s company"s activities take them to places outside of Canada. |
| 6. The respondent"s connection is more substantial with Canada than any other country. She has a home and business in Canada. She does not have a residence anywhere else but Canada. Her children go to school in Canada and she pays Canadian income taxes. |
| [18] The above are the applications of the facts of this case to the factors listed by |
Madame Justice Reed at pages 293-94 of her decision in Re Koo, supra.
| [19] To repeat the conclusion stated by Madame Justice Reed in Re Koo, supra, at |
page 293:
The conclusion I draw from the jurisprudence is that the test is whether it can be said that Canada is the place where the applicant "regularly, normally or customarily lives". Another formulation of the same test is whether Canada is the country in which he or she has centralized his or her mode of existence.
| [20] I am of the opinion that the respondent meets the test stated by Madame Justice |
Reed.
| [21] It is my finding that the decision of the Citizenship Judge should be upheld as it |
was a correct decision. The respondent, in my opinion, has established a residence in Canada by virtue of a centralized mode of living in Canada.
| [22] Although I have found that the Citizenship Judge was correct, it may well be that |
in light of the decisions in Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v. Southam Inc. [1997] 1 S.C.R. 748 and in Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [1998] 1 S.C.R. 982, the standard of review may be more deferential than correctness but it is not necessary that I make this finding in this case.
| [23] I am of the opinion that the respondent"s absences from Canada were for special |
temporary purposes. As such, these absences should count for the necessary three years of residence in Canada within the four years immediately preceding the date of her application for citizenship.
| [24] I therefore conclude that the respondent meets the residence requirements of |
paragraph 5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act.
| [25] The appeal is therefore denied. |
ORDER
| [26] IT IS ORDERED that the appeal is denied. |
"John A. O"Keefe"
J.F.C.C.
Ottawa, Ontario
May 23, 2000